(Ebook) Principles of Solar Engineering 4th Edition by Yogi Goswami ISBN 9781003244387 1003244386

(Ebook) Principles of Solar Engineering 4th Edition by Yogi Goswami ISBN 9781003244387 1003244386

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ISBN 10: 1003244386
ISBN 13: 9781003244387
Author: Yogi Goswami

(Ebook) Principles of Solar Engineering 4th Edition Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Introduction to Solar Energy Conversion

1.1 Global Energy Needs and Resources

1.1.1 Present Status and Potential of RE

1.1.2 Wind Power

1.1.3 Biomass

1.1.4 Ocean Energy Conversion

1.2 Solar Energy

1.2.1 Thermal Conversion

1.2.2 Photovoltaic Conversion

1.2.3 Limitations of Solar Energy

1.3 Energy Storage

1.4 Economics of Solar Systems

1.4.1 Present Worth

1.4.2 Series of Payments

1.4.3 Levelized Cost of Energy

1.4.4 Internal Rate of Return

1.5 Forecast of Future Energy Mix

Problems

References

Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Solar Radiation

2.1 The Physics of the Sun and Its Energy Transport

2.2 Thermal Radiation Fundamentals

2.2.1 Black-Body Radiation

2.2.2 Radiation Function Tables

2.2.3 Intensity of Radiation and Shape Factor

2.2.4 Transmission of Radiation through a Medium

2.3 Sun–Earth Geometric Relationship

2.3.1 Solar Time and Angles

2.3.2 Sun-Path Diagram

2.3.3 Shadow-Angle Protractor

2.4 Solar Radiation

2.4.1 Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation

2.5 Estimation of Terrestrial Solar Radiation

2.5.1 Atmospheric Extinction of Solar Radiation

2.5.2 Clear-Sky Radiation Model

2.5.3 Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface

2.5.4 Monthly Solar Radiation Estimation Models

2.6 Models Based on Long-Term Measured Horizontal Solar Radiation

2.6.1 Monthly Solar Radiation on Tilted Surfaces

2.6.2 Circumsolar or Anisotropic Diffuse Solar Radiation

2.6.3 Hourly and Daily Solar Radiation on Tilted Surfaces

2.6.4 Spectral Models

2.7 Measurement of Solar Radiation

2.7.1 Instruments for Measuring Solar Radiation and Sunshine

2.7.2 Detectors for Solar Radiation Instrumentation

2.7.3 Measurement of Sunshine Duration

2.7.4 Measurement of Spectral Solar Radiation

2.7.5 Wide Band Spectral Measurements

2.7.6 Solar Radiation Data

2.8 Solar Radiation Mapping Using Satellite Data

2.8.1 Estimation of Solar Resource from Satellite Data

Problems

References

Chapter 3 Solar Thermal Collectors

3.1 Radiative Properties and Characteristics of Materials

3.1.1 Selective Surfaces

3.1.2 Reflecting Surfaces

3.1.3 Transparent Materials

3.2 Flat-Plate Collectors

3.2.1 Liquid-Type Collectors

3.2.2 Air-Type Collectors

3.2.3 Glazings

3.2.3.1 Absorbers

3.2.4 Energy Balance for a Flat-Plate Collector

3.2.4.1 Collector Heat-Loss Conductance

3.2.5 Thermal Analysis of Flat-Plate Collector–Absorber Plate

3.2.6 Collector Efficiency Factor

3.2.7 Collector Heat-Removal Factor

3.3 Tubular Solar Energy Collectors

3.3.1 Evacuated-Tube Collectors

3.3.2 Thermal Analysis of a Tubular Collector

3.4 Experimental Testing of Collectors

3.4.1 Testing Standards for Solar Thermal Collectors

3.4.1.1 Time Constant

3.4.1.2 Thermal Performance

3.4.1.3 Incidence Angle Modifier

3.5 Concentrating Solar Collectors

3.5.1 Thermodynamic Limits to Concentration

3.5.2 Optical Limits to Concentrations

3.5.3 Acceptance of Diffuse Radiation

3.5.4 Ray Tracing Diagrams

3.5.5 Concentrator Types

3.5.6 Fixed Concentrators

3.6 Parabolic Trough Concentrator

3.6.1 Optical Analysis of PTC

3.6.2 Thermal Losses from PTC

3.6.3 Thermal Performance of PTC Collector

3.7 Compound-Curvature Solar Concentrators

3.7.1 Paraboloidal Concentrators

3.7.2 Spherical Concentrators

3.7.3 Compound Parabolic Concentrator

3.7.4 Optical Analysis of CPC Collector

3.7.5 Thermal Performance of the CPC Collector

3.8 Central Receiver Collector

3.9 Fresnel Reflectors and Lenses

3.10 Solar Concentrator Summary

Problems

References

Chapter 4 Energy Storage and Transport

4.1 Battery Energy Storage

4.1.1 Battery Performance Characteristics

4.1.2 Lead-Acid

4.1.3 Lithium Ion

4.1.4 Nickel-Cadmium

4.1.5 Nickel Metal Hydride

4.1.6 Sodium Sulfur

4.1.7 Flow Batteries

4.1.8 Vanadium Redox

4.1.9 Polysulfide Bromide

4.1.10 Zinc Bromide

4.2 Mechanical Energy Storage

4.2.1 Pumped Hydro

4.2.2 Compressed Air

4.2.3 Flywheels

4.3 Thermal Energy Storage

4.3.1 Sensible Heat Storage

4.3.2 Latent Heat Storage

4.3.3 Thermochemical Energy Storage

4.4 Design of Storage System

4.4.1 Selection of Storage Material

4.4.1.1 Solar Collection System

4.4.1.2 Application

4.4.1.3 Additional Considerations

4.4.2 Design of Containment

4.4.3 Heat-Exchanger Design

4.4.3.1 Packed Bed Storage

4.4.3.2 Pressure Drop in a Packed Bed

4.4.3.3 Flow across Tube Banks

4.4.3.4 Performance of Packed Bed TES Systems

4.5 Energy Transport Subsystems

4.5.1 Piping Systems

4.5.2 Pressure Drop

4.5.3 Heat Loss

4.5.4 Heat Exchangers

Problems

References

Chapter 5 Solar Heating Systems and Industrial Process Heat

5.1 Calculations of Heating and Hot-Water Loads in Buildings

5.1.1 Calculation of Heat Loss

5.1.2 Internal Heat Sources in Buildings

5.1.3 Degree-Day Method

5.1.4 Service Hot-Water Load Calculation

5.2 Solar Water-Heating Systems

5.2.1 Natural Circulation Systems

5.2.2 Forced-Circulation Systems

5.3 Liquid-Based Solar Heating Systems for Buildings

5.3.1 Physical Configurations of Active Solar Heating Systems

5.3.2 Solar Collector Orientation

5.3.3 Fluid Flow Rates

5.3.4 Thermal Storage

5.3.5 Other Mechanical Components

5.3.6 Controls in Liquid Systems

5.3.7 Load Devices in Liquid Solar Heating Systems

5.4 Solar Air-Heating Systems

5.4.1 Heating System Physical Configuration

5.4.2 Unglazed Transpired Wall System for Air Preheating

5.5 Methods of Modeling and Design of Solar Heating Systems

5.5.1 Design of a Liquid-Based Solar Heating System by f-Chart

5.6 Long-Term Performance of Solar Heating Systems

5.6.1 Critical Solar Intensity Ratio X

5.6.2 Utilizability Method

5.6.3 Example Calculation

5.6.4 Collection Period (Δtc)

5.6.5 Long-Term Performance of Collector Systems with Storage

5.7 TRNSYS Computer Simulation Program

5.8 Solar Industrial Process Heat (SIPH)

5.9 Examples of SIPH Systems

5.9.1 SIPH for Textile Industries

5.9.2 SIPH System for Milk Processing

Problems

References

Chapter 6 Solar Cooling and Dehumidification

6.1 Solar Space Cooling and Refrigeration

6.1.1 Cooling Requirements for Buildings

6.1.2 Vapor-Compression Cycle

6.1.3 Absorption Air Conditioning

6.1.4 Mass Balance Equations

6.1.5 Ammonia–Water Refrigeration System

6.2 Solar Desiccant Dehumidification

6.2.1 Solid Desiccant Cooling System

6.2.2 Liquid Desiccant Cooling System

6.3 Summary

Problems

References

Chapter 7 Passive Solar Heating, Cooling, and Daylighting

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 Current Applications and Costs

7.2 Passive Space Heating Systems

7.2.1 Types of Passive Heating Systems

7.2.2 Fundamental Concepts for Passive Heating Design

7.2.3 Generalized Passive Design Methods

7.2.4 First Level: Rule of Thumb

7.2.4.1 Load

7.2.4.2 Solar Savings Fraction

7.2.4.3 Load Collector Ratio

7.2.4.4 Storage

7.2.5 Second Level: LCR Method

7.2.6 Third Level: SLR Method

7.3 Passive Space Cooling

7.3.1 Controlling the Solar Input

7.3.2 Movement of Air

7.3.3 Evaporative Cooling

7.3.4 Day and Night Passive Radiative Cooling

7.3.4.1 Selective Emitter Structures

7.3.4.2 Daytime Cooling

7.3.5 Earth Contact Cooling (or Heating)

7.3.5.1 Heat Transfer Analysis

7.3.5.2 Soil Temperatures and Properties

7.3.5.3 Generalized Results from Experiments

7.4 Daylighting Design Fundamentals

7.4.1 Lighting Terms and Units

7.4.2 Economics of Daylighting

7.4.3 Daylighting Design

7.4.3.1 Architectural Features

7.4.3.2 Daylighting Geometry

7.4.4 Design Methods

7.4.5 Lumen Method of Sidelighting (Vertical Windows)

7.4.6 Lumen Method of Skylighting

7.5 Further Information

Problems

References

Chapter 8 Solar Thermal Power

8.1 Historical Perspective

8.2 Thermodynamic Power Cycles

8.2.1 Rankine Cycle

8.2.2 Supercritical Rankine Cycle (SRC)

8.2.3 Components of a Rankine Power Plant

8.2.4 Choice of Working Fluid

8.3 Design of Parabolic Trough-Based Power Plants

8.3.1 Sizing and Layout of the Solar Field

8.3.1.1 I Field Layout

8.3.1.2 H Field Layout

8.3.2 Pressure Drop in the Solar Field

8.3.3 Expansion Tank

8.3.4 Power Block

8.3.5 Condenser

8.3.5.1 Air-Cooled Condensers

8.4 Examples of PTC Solar Thermal Power Plants

8.5 Parabolic Dish Systems

8.6 Stirling Cycle

8.6.1 Thermodynamics of Stirling Cycle

8.6.2 Piston/Displacer Drives

8.6.3 Kinematic or Free-Piston Engines

8.6.4 Examples of Solar Stirling Power Systems

8.7 Central Receiver Tower Systems

8.7.1 Heliostats

8.7.2 Receiver

8.7.2.1 External Receiver

8.7.2.2 Cavity Receivers

8.7.2.3 Volumetric Receivers

8.7.3 Design of Heliostat Field

8.7.3.1 Reflection Factor (ηreflection)

8.7.3.2 Cosine Factor (ηcosine)

8.7.3.3 Atmospheric Attenuation Factor (ηattenuation)

8.7.3.4 Interception Factor (ηinterception)

8.7.3.5 Shading and Blocking Factor (ηshading & blocking)

8.7.4 Field Layout

8.8 Central Receiver System (CRS) Design

8.9 Examples of Central Receivers Solar Thermal Power Plants

8.10 Innovative Developments in Solar Thermal Power Cycles

8.10.1 Gas Brayton Cycles

8.10.2 Air Brayton Cycle

8.10.3 Helium Brayton Cycle

8.10.4 Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle

8.10.4.1 Simple sCO2 Brayton cycle

8.10.4.2 sCO2 Brayton Cycle with Recompression

8.10.4.3 sCO2 Cycle with Partial Cooling

8.10.5 Hybrid and Combined Cycles

8.10.6 Kalina Cycle

8.10.7 Aqua-Ammonia Combined Power/Absorption Cycle

8.10.8 Goswami Cycle

8.10.8.1 Efficiency Evaluation of the Combined Power and Cooling Cycles

8.10.8.2 Low-Grade Solar Implementation of Goswami Cycle

8.11 Nonconvecting Solar Ponds

8.11.1 Introduction

8.11.2 Solar Pond Stability Criteria

8.11.3 Thermal Performance of Solar Ponds

Problems

References

Chapter 9 Photovoltaics

9.1 Semiconductors

9.1.1 P–N Junction

9.1.2 PV Effect

9.2 Analysis of PV Cells

9.2.1 Efficiency of Solar Cells

9.2.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking

9.2.3 Multijunction Solar Cells

9.2.4 Thin-Film Solar Cells

9.2.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Polymer Solar Cells

9.2.5.1 Fabrication of DSSC

9.2.6 Perovskite Solar Cells

9.2.6.1 Background and Fundamentals

9.2.6.2 Efficiency Improvements

9.2.6.3 Manufacture of PSCs

9.2.6.4 Degradation Issues and Stability of PSCs

9.2.7 Design of a PV System

9.3 Manufacture of Solar Cells and Panels

9.3.1 Single-Crystal and Polycrystalline Cells

9.3.2 Amorphous Silicon and Thin-Film Fabrication

9.4 Design for Remote PV Applications

9.4.1 Estimation of Loads and Load Profiles

9.4.2 Estimation of Available Solar Radiation

9.4.3 PV System Sizing

9.4.4 Water Pumping Applications

Problems

References

Chapter 10 Solar Photochemical Applications

10.1 Photocatalytic Reactions

10.2 Solar Photocatalytic Detoxification

10.3 Solar Reactors

10.3.1 Concentrator Reactors

10.3.2 Nonconcentrating Reactors

10.3.3 Flat-Plate Reactors

10.3.4 Tubular Reactors

10.3.5 Shallow Solar Ponds

10.3.6 Falling Film

10.4 Kinetic Models

10.5 Useful Insolation

10.6 Catalyst Development

10.7 System Design Methodology

10.7.1 Laboratory Treatment Study

10.7.2 Treatment Facility Operational Mode

10.7.3 Residence Time

10.7.4 Reactor Area

10.7.5 Catalyst Life

10.8 Gas-Phase Photocatalytic Detoxification

10.8.1 Photoreactors

10.9 Commercial/Industrial Applications

10.10 Solar Disinfection of Water and Air

10.11 Recent Developments

10.12 Summary

Problems

References

Chapter 11 Solar Desalination

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Solar Stills

11.2.1 Single Basin or Single Stage Solar Stills

11.2.1.1 Thermal Analysis of a Conventional Solar Still

11.2.2 Collector Based Solar Stills

11.2.3 Multistage Solar Stills

11.2.4 Solar Still with Economizer and Condenser

11.3 Solar-Driven Humidification–Dehumidification (HDH)

11.4 Indirect Solar Desalination

11.4.1 Phase Change Processes

11.4.1.1 Multi-Stage Flash (MSF)

11.4.1.2 Multi-Effect Desalination (MED)

11.4.1.3 Solar-Assisted Passive Vacuum Desalination

11.4.2 Membrane Processes

11.4.2.1 Solar-Driven RO

11.4.2.2 Solar-Driven MD

Problems

References

Index

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Tags: Yogi Goswami, Principles, Solar Engineering