(Ebook) Introduction to Physical Geology 1st Edition by Charles Fletcher, Dan Gibson, Kevin Ansdell ISBN 1118300823 9781118300824

(Ebook) Introduction to Physical Geology 1st Edition by Charles Fletcher, Dan Gibson, Kevin Ansdell ISBN 1118300823 9781118300824

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ISBN 10: 1118300823 
ISBN 13: 9781118300824
Author: Charles Fletcher, Dan Gibson, Kevin Ansdell

Physical Geology: The Science of Earth Canadian Edition takes a unique approach to teaching students physical geology. The primary goal of this text is to give students a more meaningful understanding of the concepts of geology and science, as well as emphasizing the importance of becoming an earth citizen. The result is a text that engages students and builds an enduring understanding of geologic principles and their interconnection with sustainability and global/environmental issues.

(Ebook) Introduction to Physical Geology 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY
1-1 Geology Is the Scientific Study of Earth and Planetary Processes and Their Products through Time
1-2 Critical Thinking Based on Good Observations Allows Us to Explain the World around Us
1-3 Global Challenges Will Be Solved by Critical Thinkers with an Enduring Understanding of Earth
1-4 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Is a Product of Critical Thinking
1-5 Rock Is a Solid Aggregation of Minerals
1-6 Geologists Study Natural Processes, Known as Geologic Hazards, that Place People and Places at R
1-7 The Geologic Time Scale Summarizes Earth's History
Chapter 2 SOLAR SYSTEM
2-1 Earth's Origin Is Described by the Solar Nebula Hypothesis
2-2 The Sun Is a Star that Releases Energy and Builds Elements through Nuclear Fusion
2-3 Terrestrial Planets Are Small and Rocky, with Thin Atmospheres
2-4 Gas Giants Are Massive Planets with Thick Atmospheres
2-5 Objects in the Solar System Include the Dwarf Planets, Comets, and Asteroids
2-6 Earth's Interior Accumulated Heat during the Planet's Early History
Chapter 3 PLATE TECTONICS
3-1 Earth Has Three Major Layers: Core, Mantle, and Crust
3-2 The Core, Mantle, and Crust Have Distinct Chemical and Physical Features
3-3 Lithospheric Plates Carry Continents and Oceans
3-4 Paleomagnetism Confirms the Seafloor-Spreading Hypothesis
3-5 Plates Have Divergent, Convergent, and Transform Boundaries
3-6 Oceanic Crust Subducts at Convergent Boundaries
3-7 Orogenesis Occurs at Convergent Boundaries
3-8 Transform Boundaries Connect Two Spreading Centres
3-9 Earthquakes Tend to Occur at Plate Boundaries
3-10 Plate Movement Powers the Rock Cycle
Chapter 4 MINERALS
4-1 Minerals Are Solid Crystalline Compounds with a Definite (but Variable) Chemical Composition
4-2 A Rock Is a Solid Aggregate of Minerals
4-3 Geologists Use Physical Properties to Help Identify Minerals
4-4 Atoms Are the Smallest Components of Nature with the Properties of a Given Substance
4-5 Minerals Are Compounds of Atoms Bonded Together
4-6 Oxygen and Silicon Are the Two Most Abundant Elements in the Crust
4-7 Metallic Cations Join with Silicate Structures to Form Neutral Compounds
4-8 There Are Seven Common Rock-Forming Minerals
4-9 Most Minerals Fall into Seven Major Classes
Chapter 5 IGNEOUS ROCK
5-1 Igneous Rock Forms When Molten, or Partially Molten, Rock Solidifies
5-2 Igneous Rock Forms through a Process of Crystallization and Magma Differentiation
5-3 Bowen's Reaction Series Describes the Crystallization of Magma
5-4 The Texture of Igneous Rock Records Its Crystallization History
5-5 Igneous Rocks Are Named on the Basis of Their Texture and Composition
5-6 The Seven Common Types of Igneous Rock in More Detail
5-7 All Rocks on Earth Have Evolved from the First Igneous Rocks
5-8 Basalt Forms at Spreading Centres Hotspots and Subduction Zones
5-9 Igneous Intrusions Occur in a Variety of Sizes and Shapes
Chapter 6 VOLCANOES
6-1 A Volcano Is Any Landform that Releases Lava, Gas, or Ash or Has Done So in the Past
6-2 There Are Three Common Types of Magma: Basaltic, Andesitic, and Rhyolitic
6-3 Explosive Eruptions Are Fuelled by Violent Releases of Volcanic Gas
6-4 Pyroclastic Debris Is Produced by Explosive Eruptions
6-5 Volcanoes Can Be Classified into Six Major Types Based on Their Shape, Size, and Origin
6-6 Shield Volcanoes Are a Type of Central Vent Volcano
6-7 Stratovolcanoes and Rhyolite Caldera Complexes Are Central Vent Volcanoes
6-8 Large-Scale Volcanic Terrains Lack a Central Vent
6-9 Most Volcanoes Are Associated with Spreading Centre Volcanism, Arc Volcanism, or Intraplate Volc
6-10 Volcanic Hazards Threaten Human Communities
Chapter 7 WEATHERING
7-1 Weathering Includes Physical, Chemical, and Biological Processes
7-2 Physical Weathering Causes Fragmentation of Rock
7-3 Hydrolysis, Oxidation, and Dissolution Are Chemical Weathering Processes
7-4 Biological Weathering Involves Both Chemical and Physical Processes; Sedimentary Products Result
7-5 Rocks and Minerals Can Be Ranked by Their Vulnerability to Weathering
7-6 The Effects of Weathering Can Produce Climate Change
7-7 Weathering Produces Soil
7-8 Soil, Spheroidal Weathering, and Natural Arches Are Products of Weathering
7-9 Soil Erosion Is a Significant Problem
7-10 There Are 10 Orders in the Canadian Soil Classification System
Chapter 8 SEDIMENTARY ROCK
8-1 Sedimentary Rock Is Formed from the Weathered and Eroded Remains of the Crust
8-2 There Are Three Common Types of Sediment: Clastic, Chemical, and Biogenic
8-3 Sediments Change as They Are Transported across Earth's Surface
8-4 Clastic Grains Combine with Chemical and Biogenic Sediments
8-5 Sediment Becomes Rock during the Sedimentary Cycle
8-6 There Are Eight Major Types of Clastic Sedimentary Rock
8-7 Some Sedimentary Rocks Are Formed by Chemical and Biogenic Processes
8-8 Sedimentary Rocks Preserve Evidence of Past Environments
8-9 Primary Sedimentary Structures Record Environmental Processes
Chapter 9 METAMORPHIC ROCK
9-1 Metamorphic Rocks Are Composed of Sedimentary, Igneous, or Metamorphic Minerals that Have Recrys
9-2 Changes in Heat and Pressure Can Cause Metamorphism
9-3 Chemically Active Fluids Transport Heat and Promote Recrystallization
9-4 Rocks Evolve through a Sequence of Metamorphic Grades
9-5 Foliated Texture Is Produced by Directed Stress Related to Regional Metamorphism
9-6 Nonfoliated Rocks May Develop during Regional or Contact Metamorphism
9-7 The Relationship between Mineral Assemblage and Metamorphic Grade Is Expressed by Metamorphic Fa
9-8 Metamorphism Is Linked to Plate Tectonics
Chapter 10 GEOLOGIC RESOURCES
10-1 The Crust Contains Metals, Building Stone, Minerals, and Sources of Energy
10-2 Mineral Resources Include Non-Metallic and Metallic Types
10-3 Ores Are Formed by Several Processes
10-4 Fossil Fuels, Principally Oil, Provide Most of the Energy that Powers Society
10-5 Oil Is Composed of Carbon that Is Derived from Buried Plankton
10-6 About 77 Percent of the World's Oil Has Already Been Discovered
10-7 Coal Is a Fossil Fuel that Is Found in Stratified Sedimentary Deposits
10-8 Nuclear Power Plants Provide about 17 Percent of the World's Electricity
10-9 Renewable Energy Accounts for More than 20 Percent of Canada's Energy Sources
Chapter 11 MOUNTAIN BUILDING
11-1 Rocks in the Crust Are Bent, Stretched, and Broken
11-2 Strain Takes Place in Three Stages: Elastic Deformation, Ductile Deformation, and Fracture
11-3 Strain in the Crust Produces Joints, Faults, and Folds
11-4 Dip-Slip and Strike-Slip Faults Are the Most Common Types of Faults
11-5 Rock Folds Are the Result of Ductile Deformation
11-6 Outcrop Patterns Reveal the Structure of the Crust
11-7 Mountain Building May Be Caused by Volcanism, Faulting, and Folding
11-8 Volcanic Mountains Are Formed by Volcanic Products, Not by Deformation
11-9 Crustal Extension Formed the Basin and Range Province
11-10 Fold-and-Thrust Belts Produce Some of the Highest and Most Structurally Complex Mountain Belts
Chapter 12 EARTHQUAKES
12-1 An Earthquake Is a Sudden Shaking of the Crust
12-2 There Are Several Types of Earthquake Hazards
12-3 The Elastic Rebound Theory Explains the Origin of Earthquakes
12-4 Most Earthquakes Occur at Plate Boundaries, but Intraplate Seismicity Is Also Common
12-5 Divergent, Convergent, and Transform Boundaries Are the Sites of Frequent Earthquake Activity
12-6 Earthquakes Produce Four Kinds of Seismic Waves
12-7 Seismometers Are Instruments that Measure and Locate Earthquakes
12-8 Earthquake Magnitude Is Expressed as a Whole Number and a Decimal Fraction
12-9 Seismology Is the Study of Seismic Waves in Order to Improve Understanding of Earth's Interior
12-10 Seismic Data Confirm the Existence of Discontinuities in Earth's Interior
12-11 Seismic Tomography Uses Seismic Data to Make Cross-Sections of Earth's Interior
Chapter 13 GEOLOGIC TIME
13-1 Geology Is the "Science of Time"
13-2 Earth History Is a Sequence of Geologic Events
13-3 Seven Stratigraphic Principles Are Used in Relative Dating
13-4 Relative Dating Determines the Order of Geologic Events
13-5 Isotopic Dating Uses Radioactive Decay to Estimate the Age of Geologic Samples
13-6 Geologists Select an Appropriate Radioisotope when Dating a Sample
13-7 Accurate Dating Requires Understanding Various Sources of Uncertainty
13-8 Potassium-Argon and Carbon Provide Important Isotopic Clocks
13-9 Earth's Age Is Measured Using Several Independent Observations
Chapter 14 EARTH'S HISTORY
14-1 Earth's History Has Been Unveiled by Scientists Applying the Tools of Critical Thinking
14-2 Fossils Preserve a Record of Past Life
14-3 There Are Several Lines of Evidence for Evolution
14-4 Molecular Biology Provides Evidence of Evolution
14-5 Mass Extinctions Influence the Evolution of Life
14-6 The Geologic Time Scale Is the "Calendar" of Events in Earth's History
14-7 The Archean and Proterozoic Eons Lasted from 4.0 Billion to 542 Million Years Ago
14-8 In the Paleozoic Era, Complex Life Emerged and the Continents Reorganized
14-9 In the Mesozoic Era, Biological Diversity Increased and Continents Reorganized
14-10 Modern Mammals, Including Humans, Arose in the Cenozoic Era
Chapter 15 THE GEOLOGY OF CANADA
15-1 Canada Can Be Divided into Six Major Geologic Provinces
15-2 The Canadian Shield Contains the Oldest Rocks in the World
15-3 The Continental Platform Consists of Exposed Flat-Lying Phanerozoic Rocks
15-4 The Appalachian Orogen Has Been Evolving Since the End of the Precambrian
15-5 The Innuitian Orogen Is Canada's Northernmost Mountain Belt
15-6 The Cordilleran Orogen Is Canada's Youngest Mountain Belt
15-7 Continental Shelves and Slopes Form the Margins of Canada
Chapter 16 GLOBAL WARMING
16-1 "Global Change" Refers to Changes in Environmental Processes Affecting the Whole Earth
16-2 Heat Circulation in the Atmosphere and Oceans Maintains Earth's Climate
16-3 The Greenhouse Effect Is at the Heart of Earth's Climate System
16-4 The Global Carbon Cycle Describes How Carbon Moves through Natural Systems
16-5 Climate Modelling Improves Our Understanding of Global Change
16-6 Human Activities Have Increased the Amount of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
16-7 Earth's Atmospheric Temperature Has Risen by About 0.8°C in the Past 100 Years
16-8 Global Warming Leads to Ocean Acidification and Warming, Melting of Glaciers, Changes in Weathe
16-9 Several International Efforts Are Attempting to Manage Global Warming
Chapter 17 GLACIERS AND PALEOCLIMATOLOGY
17-1 A Glacier Is a River of Ice
17-2 As Ice Moves, It Erodes the Underlying Crust
17-3 Ice Moves through the Interior of a Glacier as if on a One-Way Conveyor Belt
17-4 Glacial Landforms Are Widespread and Attest to Past Episodes of Glaciation
17-5 The Majority of Glaciers and Other Ice Features Are Retreating due to Global Warming
17-6 The Ratio of Oxygen Isotopes in Glacial Ice and Deep-Sea Sediments Is a Proxy for Global Climat
17-7 Earth's Recent History Has Been Characterized by Cycles of Ice Ages and Interglacials
17-8 During the Last Interglacial, Climate Was Warmer and Sea Level Was Higher than at Present
17-9 Glacial-Interglacial Cycles Are Controlled by the Amount of Solar Radiation Reaching Earth
17-10 Together, Orbital Forcing and Climate Feedbacks Produced Paleoclimates
Chapter 18 MASS WASTING
18-1 Mass Wasting Is the Movement of Rock and Soil Down a Slope Due to the Force of Gravity
18-2 Creep, Solifluction, and Slumping Are Common Types of Mass Wasting
18-3 Fast-Moving Mass-Wasting Events Tend to Be the Most Dangerous
18-4 Avalanches, Lahars, and Submarine Landslides Are Special Types of Mass-Wasting Processes
18-5 Several Factors Contribute to Unstable Slopes
18-6 Mass-Wasting Processes Vary in Speed and Moisture Content
18-7 Human Activities Are Often the Cause of Mass Wasting
18-8 Research Improves Knowledge of Mass Wasting and Contributes to the Development of Mitigation Pr
Chapter 19 SURFACE WATER
19-1 The Hydrologic Cycle Moves Water between the Atmosphere, the Ocean, and the Crust
19-2 Runoff Enters Channels that Join Other Channels to Form a Drainage System
19-3 Discharge Is the Amount of Water Passing a Given Point in a Measured Period of Time
19-4 Running Water Erodes Sediment
19-5 There Are Three Types of Stream Channels: Straight, Meandering, and Braided
19-6 Flooding Is a Natural Process in Normal Streams
19-7 Streams May Develop a Graded Profile
19-8 Fluvial Processes Adjust to Changes in Base Level
19-9 Fluvial Sediment Builds Alluvial Fans and Deltas
19-10 Water Problems Exist on a Global Scale
Chapter 20 GROUND WATER
20-1 Groundwater Is a Very Important Source of Fresh Water
20-2 Groundwater Is Fed by Snowmelt and Rainfall in Areas of Recharge
20-3 Groundwater Moves in Response to Gravity and Hydraulic Pressure
20-4 Porous Media and Fractured Aquifers Hold Groundwater
20-5 Groundwater Is Vulnerable to Several Sources of Pollution
20-6 Common Human Activities Contaminate Groundwater
20-7 Groundwater Remediation Includes Several Types of Treatment
20-8 Groundwater Is Responsible for Producing Springs and Karst Topography
20-9 Hydrothermal Activity and Cave Formation Are Groundwater Processes
Chapter 21 DESERTS AND WIND
21-1 Deserts May Be Hot or Cold, but Low Precipitation Is a Common Trait
21-2 Atmospheric Moisture Circulation Determines the Location of Most Deserts
21-3 Not All Deserts Lie around 30° Latitude
21-4 Each Desert Has Unique Characteristics
21-5 Wind Is an Important Geological Agent
21-6 Sand Dunes Reflect Sediment Availability and Dominant Wind Direction
21-7 Arid Landforms Are Shaped by Water
21-8 Desertification Threatens All Six Inhabited Continents
Chapter 22 COASTAL GEOLOGY
22-1 Change Is Constantly Occurring on the Shoreline
22-2 Wave Energy Is the Dominant Force Driving Natural Coastal Change
22-3 Wave Refraction and Wave-Generated Currents Occur in Shallow Water
22-4 Longshore Currents and Rip Currents Transport Sediment in the Surf Zone
22-5 Gravity and Inertia Create Two Tides Every Day
22-6 Hurricanes and Tropical Storms Cause Enormous Damage to Coastal Areas
22-7 Sea-Level Rise since the Last Ice Age Has Shaped Most Coastlines and Continues to Do So
22-8 Barrier Islands Migrate with Rising Sea Level
22-9 Rocky Shorelines, Estuaries, and Tidal Wetlands Are Important Coastal Environments
22-10 Coasts May Be Submergent or Emergent, Depositional or Erosional, or Exhibit Aspects of All Fou
22-11 Coral Reefs Are Home to 25 Percent of All Marine Species
22-12 Coastal Problems Are Growing as Populations Increase
Chapter 23 MARINE GEOLOGY
23-1 Marine Geology Is the Study of Geologic Processes within Ocean Basins
23-2 Ocean Waters Are Mixed by a Global System of Currents
23-3 A Continental Shelf Is the Submerged Border of a Continent
23-4 The Continental Margin Consists of the Shelf, the Slope, and the Rise
23-5 Most Ocean Sediment Is Deposited on the Continental Margin
23-6 Pelagic Sediment Covers the Abyssal Plains
23-7 Pelagic Stratigraphy Reflects Dissolution, Dilution, and Productivity
23-8 The Mid-Ocean Ridge Is the Site of Seafloor Spreading
23-9 Oceanic Trenches Occur at Subduction Zones
23-10 Human Impacts on the Oceans Are Global in Extent
APPENDIX
GLOSSARY
INDEX

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