(Ebook) Earth An Introduction to Physical Geology 13th Edition by Edward J Tarbuck, Frederick K Lutgens ISBN 9780131566842 0131566849

(Ebook) Earth An Introduction to Physical Geology 13th Edition by Edward J Tarbuck, Frederick K Lutgens ISBN 9780131566842 0131566849

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ISBN 10: 0131566849
ISBN 13: 9780131566842
Author: Edward J Tarbuck, Frederick K Lutgens

Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 13th Edition, is a leading text in the field, characterized by no-nonsense, student-friendly writing, excellent illustrations, and a modular learning path driven by learning objectives. The new edition is the first to integrate 3D technology that brings geology to life. This edition features significant content updates, a new Geology in the News feature to promote student engagement, and a new Data Analysis feature to help develop students’ critical thinking skills.

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(Ebook) Earth An Introduction to Physical Geology 13th Edition Table of contents:

1 An Introduction to Geology

Focus on Concepts

1.1 Geology: The Science of Earth

Physical and Historical Geology

Geology, People, and the Environment

Natural Hazards

Global Climate Change

Resources

People Influence Geologic Processes

1.2 The Development of Geology

Catastrophism

The Birth of Modern Geology

Geology Today

The Magnitude of Geologic Time

1.3 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

Hypothesis

Theory

Scientific Methods

Plate Tectonics and Scientific Inquiry

1.4 Earth as a System

Earth’s Spheres

Hydrosphere

Atmosphere

Biosphere

Geosphere

Earth System Science

The Earth System

The Parts Are Linked

Time and Space Scales

Energy for the Earth System

People and the Earth System

1.5 Origin and Early Evolution of Earth

Origin of Planet Earth

The Universe Begins

The Solar System Forms

The Inner Planets Form

The Outer Planets Develop

Formation of Earth’s Layered Structure

Chemical Differentiation and Earth’s Layers

An Atmosphere Develops

Continents and Ocean Basins Evolve

1.6 Earth’s Internal Structure

Earth’s Crust

Earth’s Mantle

The Upper Mantle

The Lower Mantle

Earth’s Core

1.7 Rocks and the Rock Cycle

The Basic Rock Cycle

Alternative Paths

1.8 The Face of Earth

Major Features of the Ocean Floor

Continental Margins

Deep-Ocean Basins

Oceanic Ridges

Major Features of the Continents

Mountains

The Stable Interior

1 Concepts in Review An Introduction to Geology

1.1 Geology: The Science of Earth

Key Terms:

1.2 The Development of Geology

Key Terms:

1.3 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

Key Terms:

1.4 Earth as a System

Key Terms:

1.5 Origin and Early Evolution of Earth

Key Terms:

1.6 Earth’s Internal Structure

Key Terms:

1.7 Rocks and the Rock Cycle

Key Terms:

1.8 The Face of Earth

Key Terms:

Give It Some Thought

Eye on Earth

Data Analysis Swift Creek Landslide

Activities

2 Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds

Focus on Concepts

2.1 From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics

2.2 Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time

Evidence: The Continental Jigsaw Puzzle

Evidence: Fossils Matching Across the Seas

Mesosaurus and Glossopteris

Evidence: Rock Types and Geologic Features

Evidence: Ancient Climates

The Great Debate

2.3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics

Rigid Lithosphere Overlies Weak Asthenosphere

Earth’s Major Plates

Plate Movement

2.4 Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading

Seafloor Spreading

How Does Oceanic Lithosphere Change as It Ages?

Continental Rifting

2.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction

Oceanic–Continental Convergence

Oceanic–Oceanic Convergence

Continental–Continental Convergence

2.6 Transform Plate Boundaries

2.7 How Do Plates and Plate Boundaries Change?

The Breakup of Pangaea

Plate Tectonics in the Future

2.8 Testing the Plate Tectonics Model

Evidence of Seafloor Spreading: Ocean Drilling

Evidence: Mantle Plumes, Hot Spots, and Island Chains

Evidence: Paleomagnetism

Apparent Polar Wandering

Magnetic Reversals and Seafloor Spreading

2.9 How Is Plate Motion Measured?

Geologic Measurement of Plate Motion

Measuring Plate Motion from Space

2.10 What Drives Plate Motions?

Forces That Drive Plate Motion

Slab Pull

Ridge Push

A Model of Plate–Mantle Convection

2 Concepts in Review Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds

2.1 From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics

Key Term:

2.2 Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time

Key Terms:

2.3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics

Key Terms:

2.4 Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading

Key Terms:

2.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction

Key Terms:

2.6 Transform Plate Boundaries

Key Terms:

2.7 How Do Plates and Plate Boundaries Change?

2.8 Testing the Plate Tectonics Model

Key Terms:

2.9 How Is Plate Motion Measured?

2.10 What Drives Plate Motions?

Key Terms:

Give It Some Thought

Eye on Earth

Data Analysis Tectonic Plate Movement

Activities

3 Matter and Minerals

Focus on Concepts

3.1 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks

Defining a Mineral

What Is a Rock?

3.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals

Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Elements: Defined by the Number of Protons

3.3 How Atoms Bond to Form Minerals

The Octet Rule and Chemical Bonds

Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred

Covalent Bonds: Electron Sharing

Metallic Bonds: Electrons Free to Move

How Minerals Form

Mineral Precipitation

Crystallization of Molten Rock

Deposition as a Result of Biological Processes

3.4 Properties of Minerals

Optical Properties

Luster

Color

Streak

Ability to Transmit Light

Crystal Shape, or Habit

Mineral Strength

Hardness

Cleavage

Fracture

Tenacity

Density and Specific Gravity

Other Properties of Minerals

3.5 Mineral Structures and Compositions

Mineral Structures

Compositional ­Variations in Minerals

Structural Variations in Minerals

3.6 Mineral Groups

Classifying Minerals

Silicate Versus Nonsilicate Minerals

3.7 The Silicates

Silicate Structures

Minerals with Independent Tetrahedra

Minerals with Chain or Sheet Structures

Minerals with Three-Dimensional Frameworks

Joining Silicate Structures

3.8 Common Silicate Minerals

The Light Silicates

Feldspar Group

Quartz

Muscovite

Clay Minerals

The Dark Silicates

Olivine Group

Pyroxene Group

Amphibole Group

Biotite

Garnet

3.9 Important Nonsilicate Minerals

3 Concepts in Review Matter and Minerals

3.1 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks

Key Terms:

3.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals

Key Terms:

3.3 How Atoms Bond to Form Minerals

Key Terms:

3.4 Properties of Minerals

Key Terms:

3.5 Mineral Structures and Compositions

Key Terms:

3.6 Mineral Groups

Key Terms:

3.7 The Silicates

Key Terms:

3.8 Common Silicate Minerals

Key Terms:

3.9 Important Nonsilicate Minerals

Key Terms:

Give It Some Thought

Eye on Earth

Data Analysis Global Mineral Resources

Activities

4 Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Activity

Focus on Concepts

4.1 Magma: Parent Material of Igneous Rock

The Nature of Magma

From Magma to Crystalline Rock

Igneous Processes

4.2 Igneous Compositions

Compositional Categories

Felsic Versus Mafic

Other Compositional Groups

Silica Content as an Indicator of Composition

4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us?

Types of Igneous Textures

Aphanitic (Fine-Grained) Texture

Phaneritic (Coarse-Grained) Texture

Porphyritic Texture

Vesicular Texture

Glassy Texture

Pyroclastic (Fragmental) Texture

Pegmatitic Texture

4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks

Felsic Igneous Rocks

Granite

Rhyolite

Obsidian

Pumice

Intermediate Igneous Rocks

Andesite

Diorite

Mafic Igneous Rocks

Basalt

Gabbro

Pyroclastic Rocks

4.5 Origin of Magma

Generating Magma from Solid Rock

Decrease in Pressure: Decompression ­Melting

Addition of Water to Trigger Melting

Temperature Increase: Melting Crustal Rocks

4.6 How Magmas Evolve

Bowen’s Reaction Series and the Composition of Igneous Rocks

Magmatic Differentiation and Crystal Settling

Assimilation and Magma Mixing

4.7 Partial Melting and Magma Composition

Formation of Mafic Magma

Formation of Intermediate and Felsic Magmas

4.8 Intrusive Igneous Activity

Nature of Intrusive Bodies

Tabular Intrusive Bodies: Dikes and Sills

Dikes and Sills

Columnar Jointing

Massive Plutons: Batholiths, Stocks, and Laccoliths

Batholiths and Stocks

Laccoliths

Emplacement of Large Plutons

4 Concepts in Review Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Activity

4.1 Magma: Parent Material of Igneous Rock

Key Terms:

4.2 Igneous Compositions

Key Terms:

4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us?

Key Terms:

4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks

Key Terms:

4.5 Origin of Magma

Key Terms:

4.6 How Magmas Evolve

Key Terms:

4.7 Partial Melting and Magma Composition

Key Term:

4.8 Intrusive Igneous Activity

Key Terms:

Give It Some Thought

Eye on Earth

Data Analysis Generating Magma from Solid Rock

Activities

5 Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards

Focus on Concepts

5.1 Mount St. Helens Versus Kilauea

5.2 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions

Magma: Source Material for Volcanic Eruptions

Composition of Magma

Effusive Versus Explosive Eruptions

Factors Affecting Viscosity

Role of Gases

Effusive Eruptions

How Explosive Eruptions Are Triggered

5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption

Lava Flows

Aa and Pahoehoe Flows

Block Lavas

Pillow Lavas

Gases

Pyroclastic Materials

5.4 Anatomy of a Volcano

5.5 Shield Volcanoes

Mauna Loa: Earth’s Largest Shield Volcano

Kilauea: Hawaii’s Most Active Volcano

5.6 Cinder Cones

Parícutin: Life of a Garden-Variety Cinder Cone

5.7 Composite Volcanoes

5.8 Volcanic Hazards

Pyroclastic Flows: A Deadly Force

Driven by Gravity

The Destruction of St. Pierre

The Destruction of Pompeii

Lahars: Mudflows on Active and Inactive Cones

Other Volcanic Hazards

Volcano-Related Tsunamis

Volcanic Ash and Aviation

Volcanic Gases and Respiratory Health

Effects of Volcanic Ash and Gases on Weather and Climate

5.9 Other Volcanic Landforms

Calderas

Crater Lake’Type Calderas

Hawaiian-Type Calderas

Yellowstone-Type Calderas

Fissure Eruptions and Basalt Plateaus

Lava Domes

Volcanic Necks

5.10 Plate Tectonics and Volcanism

Volcanism at Divergent Plate Boundaries

Volcanism at Convergent Plate Boundaries

Intraplate Volcanism

5.11 Monitoring Volcanic Activity

Monitoring Earthquake Patterns

Remote Sensing of Volcanoes

Volcanic Hazard Maps

5 Concepts in Review Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards

5.1 Mount St. Helens Versus Kilauea

5.2 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions

Key Terms:

5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption

Key Terms:

5.4 Anatomy of a Volcano

Key Terms:

5.5 Shield Volcanoes

Key Terms:

5.6 Cinder Cones

Key Term:

5.7 Composite Volcanoes

Key Term:

5.8 Volcanic Hazards

Key Terms:

5.9 Other Volcanic Landforms

Key Terms:

5.10 Plate Tectonics and Volcanism

Key Terms:

5.11 Monitoring Volcanic Activity

Give It Some Thought

Eye on Earth

Data Analysis Recent Volcanic Activity

Activities

6 Weathering and Soils

Focus on Concepts

6.1 Weathering

6.2 Mechanical Weathering

Frost Wedging

Salt Crystal Growth

Fractures: Jointing and Sheeting

Biological Activity

6.3 Chemical Weathering

Dissolution

Oxidation

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis in the Presence of Acids

Products of Silicate-Mineral Weathering

Spheroidal Weathering

6.4 Rates of Weathering

Rock Characteristics

Climate

Differential Weathering

6.5 Soil

An Interface in the Earth System

What Is Soil?

Soil Texture and Structure

6.6 Controls of Soil Formation

Parent Material

Climate

Plants, Animals, and Microbes

Time

Topography Within a Climate Zone

6.7 Describing and Classifying Soils

The Soil Profile

Classifying Soils

6.8 The Impact of Human Activities on Soil

Clearing the Tropical Rain Forest: A Case Study of Human Impact on Soil

Soil Erosion: Losing a Vital Resource

Rates of Erosion

Controlling Soil Erosion

6 Concepts in Review Weathering and Soils

6.1 Weathering

Key Terms:

6.2 Mechanical Weathering

Key Terms:

6.3 Chemical Weathering

Key Terms:

6.4 Rates of Weathering

Key Term:

6.5 Soil

Key Terms:

6.6 Controls of Soil Formation

Key Term:

6.7 Describing and Classifying Soils

Key Terms:

6.8 The Impact of Human Activities on Soil

Give It Some Thought

Eye on Earth

Data Analysis Soil Types

Activities

7 Sedimentary Rocks

Focus on Concepts

7.1 An Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks

Importance

Origins

Categories of Sedimentary Rock

7.2 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Shale

How Does Shale Form?

Thin Layers

Shale, Mudstone, or Siltstone?

Gentle Slopes

Oil Shale Versus Shale Oil

Sandstone

Sorting

Particle Shape

Transport Affects Mineral Composition

Varieties of Sandstone

Conglomerate and Breccia

7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

Limestone

Carbonate Reefs

Coquina and Chalk

Inorganic Limestones

Dolostone

Chert

Evaporites

7.4 Coal: An Organic Sedimentary Rock

7.5 Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock: Diagenesis and Lithification

Diagenesis

Lithification

Compaction

Cementation

7.6 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

7.7 Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments

Types of Sedimentary Environments

Continental Environments

Marine Environments

Transitional Environments

Sedimentary Facies

Sedimentary Structures

7.8 The Carbon Cycle and Sedimentary Rocks

Movement of Carbon Between the Atmosphere and Biosphere

Movement of Carbon Between the ­Geosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, and Biosphere

Movement of Carbon from Biosphere to Geosphere (Fossil Fuels)

7 Concepts in Review Sedimentary Rocks

7.1 An Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks

Key Terms:

7.2 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Key Terms:

7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

Key Terms:

7.4 Coal: An Organic Sedimentary Rock

Key Term:

7.5 Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock: Diagenesis and Lithification

Key Terms:

7.6 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

Key Terms:

7.7 Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments

Key Terms:

7.8 The Carbon Cycle and Sedimentary Rocks

Key Term:

Give It Some Thought

Eye on Earth

Data Analysis Sedimentary Rock Near You

Activities

8 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks

Focus on Concepts

8.1 What Is Metamorphism?

Metamorphic Grade

8.2 What Drives Metamorphism?

Heat as a Metamorphic Agent

Changes Caused by Heat

Heat Sources

Confining Pressure

Differential Stress

Chemically Active Fluids

The Importance of Parent Rock

8.3 Metamorphic Textures

Foliation

Rotation of Platy Mineral Grains

Recrystallization That Produces New Minerals

Flattening Spherically Shaped Grains

Foliated Textures

Rock (Slaty) Cleavage

Schistosity

Gneissic Texture (Banding)

Other Metamorphic Textures

8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

Slate

Phyllite

Schist

Gneiss

Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks

Marble

Quartzite

Hornfels

8.5 Metamorphic Environments

Contact, or Thermal, Metamorphism

Hydrothermal Metamorphism

Burial and Subduction Zone Metamorphism

Regional Metamorphism

Other Metamorphic Environments

Metamorphism Along Fault Zones

Impact Metamorphism

8.6 Determining Metamorphic Environments

Textural Variations

Using Index Minerals to Determine Metamorphic Grade

Migmatites

Metamorphic Facies as an Indicator of Metamorphic Environments

Plate Tectonics and Metamorphic Facies

8 Concepts in Review Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks

8.1 What Is Metamorphism?

Key Terms:

8.2 What Drives Metamorphism?

Key Terms:

8.3 Metamorphic Textures

Key Terms:

8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks

Key Terms:

8.5 Metamorphic Environments

Key Terms:

8.6 Determining Metamorphic Environments

Key Terms:

Give It Some Thought

Eye on Earth

Data Analysis The Story of Metamorphic Rocks

Activities

9 Geologic Time

Focus on Concepts

9.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles

The Importance of a Time Scale

Numerical and Relative Dates

Numerical Dates

Relative Dates

Principle of Superposition

Principle of Original Horizontality

Principle of Lateral Continuity

Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

Principle of Inclusions

Unconformities

Angular Unconformity

Disconformity

Nonconformity

Unconformities in the Grand Canyon

Applying Relative Dating Principles

9.2 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

Types of Fossils

Permineralization

Molds and Casts

Carbonization and Impressions

Amber

Trace Fossils

Conditions Favoring Preservation

9.3 Correlation of Rock Layers

Correlation Within Limited Areas

Fossils and Correlation

Principle of Fossil Succession

Index Fossils and Fossil Assemblages

Environmental Indicators

9.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay

Reviewing Basic Atomic Structure

Changes to Atomic Nuclei

Radiometric Dating

Half-Life

Calculating Numerical Dates for Rock Samples

Unstable Isotopes that Are Useful for Radiometric Dating

A Complex Process

Sources of Error

Earth’s Oldest Rocks

Dating with Carbon-14

9.5 Determining Numerical Dates for Sedimentary Strata

9.6 The Geologic Time Scale

Structure of the Time Scale

Precambrian Time

Terminology and the Geologic Time Scale

Anthropocene

9 Concepts in Review Geologic Time

9.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles

Key Terms:

9.2 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

Key Terms:

9.3 Correlation of Rock Layers

Key Terms:

9.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay

Key Terms:

9.5 Determining Numerical Dates for ­Sedimentary Strata

9.6 The Geologic Time Scale

Key Terms:

Give It Some Thought

Eye on Earth

Data Analysis Fossils and Geologic Time

Activities

10 Crustal Deformation

Focus on Concepts

10.1 How Rocks Deform

Stress: The Force That Deforms Rocks

Strain: A Change in Shape Caused by Stress

Types of Deformation

Elastic Deformation

Brittle Deformation

Ductile Deformation

Factors That Affect How Rocks Deform

The Role of Temperature

The Role of Confining Pressure

The Influence of Rock Type

Time as a Factor

10.2 Folds: Rock Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation

Anticlines and Synclines

Domes and Basins

Monoclines

10.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation

Describing the Orientation of Geologic Structures: Strike and Dip

Dip-Slip Faults

Normal Faults

Fault-Block Mountains and Horsts and Grabens

Reverse and Thrust Faults

Strike-Slip Faults

Right- and Left-Lateral Strike-Slip Faults

Transform Plate Boundaries

Oblique-Slip Faults

Structures Associated with Faulting

Fault Scarps

Slickensides

Fault Breccia

Joints

10.4 Mapping Geologic Structures

Measuring Strike and Dip

Geologic Maps and Block Diagrams

10 Concepts in Review Crustal Deformation

10.1 How Rocks Deform

Key Terms:

10.2 Folds: Rock Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation

Key Terms:

10.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation

Key Terms:

10.4 Mapping Geologic Structures

Key Terms:

Give It Some Thought

Eye on Earth

Data Analysis Measuring the Movement of Land

Activities

11 Earthquakes and Earthquake Hazards

Focus on Concepts

11.1 What Is an Earthquake?

Discovering the Causes of Earthquakes

Foreshocks and Aftershocks

Plate Tectonics and Large Earthquakes

Convergent Plate Boundaries

Transform Plate Boundaries

Fault Rupture and Propagation

11.2 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves

Instruments That Record Earthquakes

Seismic Waves

Body Waves

Surface Waves

Comparing the Speed and Size of Seismic Waves

11.3 Locating the Source of an Earthquake

11.4 Determining the Size of an Earthquake

Intensity Scales

Magnitude Scales

Richter-Like Magnitude Scales

Moment Magnitude

11.5 Earthquake Destruction

Destruction from Seismic Vibrations

Intensity and Duration

Construction Practices

Amplification of Seismic Waves and Liquefaction

Landslides and Ground Subsidence

Fire

Tsunamis

Tsunami Damage from the 2004 Indonesia Earthquake

Japan Tsunami

Tsunami Warning System

11.6 Where Do Most Destructive Earthquakes Occur?

Earthquakes Associated with Plate Boundaries

Damaging Earthquakes East of the Rockies

11.7 Earthquakes: Predictions, Forecasts, and Mitigation

Short-Range Predictions

Long-Range Forecasts

Paleoseismology

Seismic Gaps

Minimizing Earthquake Hazards

Earthquake-Resistant Structures

Earthquake Preparedness

Earthquake Warning Systems

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Tags: Edward J Tarbuck, Frederick K Lutgens, Earth, Physical Geology