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Status:
Available4.7
11 reviews
ISBN 10: 0080456669
ISBN 13: 9780080456669
Author: Jose Manuel Viegas
Charging for the use of transport infrastructure has very different traditions in the various modes, reflecting the different nature of their infrastructure (nodal vs. linear), but also different historical traditions of open access, system integration, etc.
Since the early 90's various European Commission initiatives took on this issue, looking mainly at the road sector, where many countries had no (direct) access charges. Heavy goods vehicles were systematically identified as the primary targets for a renewed approach to this problem.
What seemed an easy catch has proved to be much harder, with the various countries adopting almost exclusively national approaches, and the European institutions unable to drive the process.
This book looks at the challenges posed by this objective, recognising that there are multiple objectives for application of road tolls and charges, and discussing the various possible solutions, in the technical, institutional and legal dimensions. The multiplicity of national situations in Europe is put in perspective, the impacts of various charging schemes on regional development and on the environment are estimated, and the recent policy process is analysed, allowing a global view of the remaining difficulties and to make recommendations about the next steps in the process.
Chapter 1
1. INTRODUCTION: PAYING FOR ROAD USE
Chapter 2
2. BASIC ROAD PRICING SOLUTIONS
OBJECTIVES OF ROAD PRICING
Efficient Use of Infrastructure (Demand Management)
INTERNALISING THE EXTERNAL COSTS OF TRANSPORT
Financing Investment in Transport Infrastructure
CHARACTERISTICS OF ROAD PRICING STRATEGIES
THE COSTS TO BE INCLUDED AND THE CHARGING PRINCIPLE
The Vehicle Types to be Charged
Distance Versus Time Related Charging Schemes
Price Variation
Charging Technology
BASIC SOLUTIONS FOR INTERURBAN ROAD PRICING AND THEIR SCOPE
Distance Dependent Network Pricing (NET)
Distance Dependent Area Pricing (DAREA)
Driving Permit or Area Licensing (PERM)
Road Pricing Schemes with Different Incidence
Passage tolling (PAS)
Cordon pricing (COR)
REFERENCES
Chapter 3
3. TECHNICAL AND PROCEDURAL DESIGN ELEMENTS
GENERAL DESIGN ELEMENTS
BASIC TOLLING DESIGN ELEMENTS
Charging Principle
Traffic/Road Situation
No Impact to Existing/Nominal Geometrical Profile of Road and Traffic Flow is Accepted
Impact to Existing/Nominal Geometrical Profile of Road and Traffic Flow is Accepted
TARIFF CLASS DETERMINATIONS AND TARIFF MODULATION ELEMENTS
Tariff Class Determination and Tariff Modulation
Vehicle Characteristics
Tariff Modulation
TECHNICAL OPTIONS FOR EQUIPPED USERS
Localisation of Vehicle and Initiation of Charging Process of Equipped Users
Road side Infrastructure/Infrastructure External of Vehicle
On Board Based System
Classification of Equipped Users
Charging Equipped Users
Central Account
On-Board Account
TECHNICAL OPTIONS FOR NON-EQUIPPED USERS
Initiation of Charging Process of Non-Equipped Users
By Road Side Infrastructure
By User of the Charging System
Classification of Non-Equipped Users
Charging Non-Equipped Users
Using Non-Stop Lanes
Using Stop Lanes/Service Area
ENFORCEMENT CONCEPT AND TECHNICAL APPROACH
Enforcement Concept
Enforcement of Equipped Users
Enforcement of Non-Equipped Users
Equipment Used for Enforcement
Chapter 5
THE ACCEPTABILITY DIMENSION
BACKGROUND
Theoretical Approach
How to Measure Acceptability
PRICING ACCEPTABILITY IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR
PRICING MEASURES ACCEPTANCE
RETRANSFERENCE
Main Results on Retransference
Conclusions Concerning Retransference
BARRIERS
FAIRNESS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 6
6. ASSESSMENT OF ROAD PRICING SCHEMES BASED ON DIFFERENT NATIONAL SITUATIONS
SENSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF NATIONAL SITUATIONS
Different National Situations
Objectives of IRPS
Legal and Institutional Framework
Transport Infrastructure
Culture
Deriving Sensible Solutions for Different European Contexts2
Deriving the Preferred Form of IRPS
Deriving Feasible Institutional Models
EVOLUTIONARY PATHS
Definition of Three Basic IRPS
"Mature" Countries Shortly Before Introduction of IRPS
Why Choose DAREA as the Basic Form of Pricing?
Does DAREA help finance the road network?
Does DAREA help reduce congestion?
Does DAREA help reduce the environmental burden?
Does DAREA improve road safety?
What are the Main Aspects of a Pricing Structure for DAREA?
Why Choose NET as the Basic Form of Pricing?
Does NET help finance the road network?
Does NET help reduce congestion?
Does NET help reduce the environmental burden of transport?
Does NET improve road safety?
Other reasons for choosing NET?
What are the Main Aspects of a Pricing Structure for NET?
Countries with a Motorway Tolling Culture
Possible reasons to change from NET to DAREA
Does DAREA help finance the road network better than NET?
Does DAREA reduce congestion more than NET?
Does DAREA reduce the environmental burden more than NET?
Does DAREA improve road safety more than NET?
Is a combination of NET and DAREA schemes a reasonable solution?
What are the Main Changes of the Pricing Structure?
REFERENCES
Chapter 7
7. POSITION AND RECENT TRENDS IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
FROM TIME BASED TO DISTANCE BASED ACCESS CHARGES
Electronic Fee Collection of Distance Based Access Charges
National Taxation or Tolls?
Switzerland: Three Years After [Sources for this section: Balmer and Hofstetter (2004), Balmer and R
Plans for the Future
Success Factors of the Swiss HVF
TOLL COLLECT IN GERMANY
TOLLED MOTORWAYS
Partnership with European Institutions
Toward a New Generation of Tolled Motorway Concessionaires?
THE BRITISH LORRY ROAD USER CHARGE
REFERENCES
Further-Reading
The German system
Chapter 8
8.HARMONISATION AND INTEROPERABILITY OF NATIONAL TOLLING SCHEMES
WHAT IS INTEROPERABILITY OF TOLLED SCHEMES?
Importance and Cost of Interoperability
Difficulty to Reach Interoperability
DSRC-Systems and Interoperability
GPS/GSM-Systems and Interoperability
Non-Equipped Users and Interoperability
Roaming Charges in EFC-Systems
INTEROPERABILITY CONVERGENCE FROM A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE
Recent EU Effort to Improve Interoperability of EFC
EU-Directive on Interoperability of Electronic Fee Collection
EU Possibility to Ensure Interoperability of DSRC and GPS/GSM Solutions
Harmonisation and Vehicle Classification
Interoperability Without Legal Pressure from the EU
Interoperability and Europe
INTEROPERABILITY AND HARMONISATION
Institutional and Contractual Approximation
Procedural and Operational Harmonisation
Technical Standardisation
CONCLUSION
Critical Aspects at European Level
Critical Aspects at National Level
REFERENCES
Chapter 9
9. ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ROAD TOLLS FOR HGVs IN EUROPE
INTRODUCTION
IMPACT DIMENSIONS AND PATTERNS OF REACTION
Adaptive Behaviour Within the Haulage Business
Shippers' Choice and Intermodal Competition
Product Prices and Productivity
THE DESIRE MODELLING APPROACH
Selection and Linkage of Two Economic Models
Direct Reactions Within the Road Sector: The VACLAV Model
Macro-Economic Perspectives: The ASTRA Model
RESULTS FOR EUROPE
Four Scenarios of Future European Road Tolling
Impacts on Transport Flows
Traffic Shifts
Modal Split
Total Freight Transport Demand and Prices
Freight Transport Costs and Strategic Adaptation in the Haulage Business
Tour Planning and Loading Factor Improvement
Impact on National Economies
Influence on Sectoral Production Values
Impacts on Environment and Road Safety
in-road charging
car charging in road
chargeable roads
e-truck charging
2nd charging infrastructure for electric vehicles forum
Tags: Jose Manuel Viegas, Interurban, Charging
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