(Ebook) Visual pollution phenomena and sensitivity of residences in heritage city centers Case of: Old district of Manama city, Kingdom of Bahrain by * Dr. ISLAM EL-GHONAIMY Department Of Architecture and interior design, College of Engineering, University of Bahrain, Bahrain E mail: [email protected] ISBN 9783037680438, 3037680431

(Ebook) Visual pollution phenomena and sensitivity of residences in heritage city centers Case of: Old district of Manama city, Kingdom of Bahrain by * Dr. ISLAM EL-GHONAIMY Department Of Architecture and interior design, College of Engineering, University of Bahrain, Bahrain E mail: [email protected] ISBN 9783037680438, 3037680431

Image of the ancient cities across the Arab region have been changed. Theurbanization progress and their subsequent urban changes are of rapidacceleration, due to the population increase in the named cities; affecting theencompassed old districts in many respects. The mentioned changes areforked into two main branches; controlled and uncontrolled. On one side, thecontrolled category abide by the urban regulations in terms of the visualrepresentation of the old districts. On the other side, the uncontrolledcounterpart breach these regulations and their logical assumptions ending upin many urban problems in general and visual pollution in particular. Theobjective of this research is to tackle those cases of visual pollution. Theresearch methodology is staked on both of the data collection and theoreticalbackground about old district in Manama City, whereas thorough historicbackground of the city and analytical studies of the selected data andquestionnaire are carried out. Although there were a few open-endedquestions, the majority were closed-ended taking the form of yes/no, multiplechoice, or rating scales. Questions went through several renditions based onintra- and interdepartmental review before being presented.JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2019), 3(1), 175-190.https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018.4694