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0 reviewsAutoimmune neurology is a rapidly expanding field driven by the discovery of neuroglial autoantibodies and encompassing a myriad of conditions affecting every level of the nervous system. Traditionally, autoanti- bodies targeting intracellular antigens are considered markers of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, while those targeting extracellular antigens are viewed as pathogenic drivers of disease. However, recent advances high- light complex interactions between these immune mechanisms, suggesting a continuum of immunopatho- genesis. The breakdown of immune tolerance, central to these conditions, is affected by modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors such as genetic predisposition, infections, and malignancy. While significant therapeutic advancements have revolutionized treatment of certain diseases, such as neuromyelitis optica, our understanding of many others, particularly T cell-mediated conditions, remains limited, with fewer treat- ment options available. Future research should focus on improving effector function modeling and deepening our understanding of the factors influencing immune tolerance, with the goal of providing novel treatment options and improving patient care.