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Available4.7
26 reviews
ISBN 10: 0415989876
ISBN 13: 9780415989879
Author: Masoud Kamali
There is an institutionalized dilemma in Europe that counteracts social cohesion and stability. It is a result of the collision and incompatibility between declarations of universal values (such as human rights and democracy) and institutionalized actions which exclude and discriminate against Europeans of immigrant background and against ethnic minorities. This book analyzes the institutional patterns and politics of ‘racial’ discrimination in modern-day Europe. Based on a research project that has been carried out under the leadership of the author in eight European countries, Racial Discrimination seeks the answers to some of the key questions posed by the latest developments in European political and public spheres concerning immigration and the increase in xenophobic sentiments and parties. The book will appeal to all social and political scientists interested in the latest political developments in Europe and in the problems of democratic citizenship and the efforts to move toward an integrated European community.
1 Modernization, Social Theory, and the Duality of ‘Us-and-Them’
INTRODUCTION
THE UNIQUENESS OF THE ‘WEST’ (US)
SCIENTIFIC RACISM AND THE SUPERIORITY OF ‘US’ OVER ‘THEM’
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
THE LEGACY OF ORIENTALISM
THE MODERN ‘WE’ AND THE TRADITIONAL ‘THEM’
2 Institutional Otherization, Migration, and Racism in Europe
INTRODUCTION
POWER AND INSTITUTIONALISED RACISM AND DISCRIMINATION
INDIVIDUAL VERSUS INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION
‘XENO-OTHERISM’ AND INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION
Education
Labour market
Mass Media
DISCRIMINATION AND RACISM AGAINST MUSLIMS IN EUROPE
DISCRIMINATION AS AN INTERINSTITUTIONAL PHENOMENON
3 The Uprising of Xenophobic Populist Parties and the Reinforcement of Institutional Discrimination
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH DESIGN
THE CASE OF AUSTRIA
The Political Context of Xenophobia in Austria
Discursive Reconstruction of ‘Us’ vs. ‘Them’
Collective Identity
Employment and Welfare
Law and Order
Antiestablishment
The Dichotomy of ‘Us’ against the Muslim ‘Others’
Assessing Impacts of the XPP
Collective Identity
Employment and Welfare
Law and Order
Mass Media and the ‘Others’
The Fall of the Communism (in Romania) and the Crisis of ‘Romanian Orphans’ (December 1989/January 1990)
FPÖ’s Austria First Petition (January/February 1993)
1997 Act on Foreigners (June/August 1997)
The Marcus Omafuma Case (May/June 1999)
Attack on the World Trade Center in the United States on September 11, 2001
Asylum-Camps Debate and the 2004 Act on Asylum (October 2004)
Conclusion
THE CASE OF BRITAIN
The Political Context of Xenophobia in Britain
Discursive Reconstruction of ‘Us’ vs. ‘Them’
Collective Identity
Law and Order Issues
Employment and Welfare Issues
Antiestablishment
The Dichotomy of ‘Us’ against the Muslim ‘Others’
Assessing Impacts of XPP
Collective Identity
Employment and Welfare Issues
Law and Order Issues
Mass Media and the ‘Others’
The Fall of the Berlin Wall, November 9, 1989
The Attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon in the United States, September 11, 2001
The Enlargement of the European Union, May 1, 2004
Riots in the English Mill Towns
BNP Winning Council Seats in Burnley
Conclusion
THE CASE OF GERMANY
The Political Context of Xenophobia in Germany
Discursive Reconstruction of ‘Us’ vs. ‘Them’
Collective Identity
Employment and Welfare Issues
Law and Order Issues
Antiestablishment
The Dichotomy of ‘Us’ against the Muslim ‘Others’
Assessing Impacts of XPP
Collective Identity
Employment and Welfare Issues
Law and Order Issues
Mass Media and the ‘Others’
The Asylum Debate, September 1986
The Fall of the Berlin Wall, November 9, 1989
The Attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon in the United States, September 11, 2001
The Change of Citizenship Law, May 7, 1999
The Enlargement of the European Union, May 1, 2004
Conclusion
THE CASE OF FRANCE
The Political Context of Xenophobia in France
Discursive Reconstruction of ‘Us’ vs. ‘Them’
Collective Identity
Employment and Welfare Issues
Law and Order Issues
Antiestablishment
The Dichotomy of ‘Us’ against the Muslim ‘Others’
Assessing Impacts of XPP
Collective Identity
Law and Order Issues
Mass Media and the ‘Others’
The First “Muslim Veil Affairs” in French Secondary Schools (1987)
The Fall of the Berlin Wall, November 9, 1989
The Debates on the Entry of Turkey in the European Union within 15 Years in 2004
The Enlargement of Europe, 2005
Conclusion
THE CASE OF SWEDEN
The Political Context of Xenophobia in Sweden
Discursive Reconstruction of ‘Us’ vs. ‘Them’
Collective Identity
Employment and Welfare Issues
Law and Order Issues
Antiestablishment
The Dichotomy of ‘Us’ against the Muslim ‘Others’
Assessing Impacts of XPP
Collective Identity
Employment and Welfare Issues
Law and Order Issues
Mass Media and the ‘Others’
The Murder of Prime Minister Olof Palme in 1986
The Fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989
The Election Breakthrough of ND, September 1991
The Tightening of Asylum and Immigration Laws in the Revised Aliens Act in 1996
The Attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon in the United States, September 11, 2001
The Enlargement of the European Union, May 1, 2004
Conclusion
THE CASE OF ITALY
The Political Context of Xenophobia in Italy
Discursive Reconstruction of ‘Us’ vs. ‘Them’
Collective Identity
Employment and Welfare Issues
Law and Order Issues
Antiestablishment
The Dichotomy of ‘Us’ Against the Muslim ‘Others’
Assessing Impacts of XPP
Collective Identity
Employment and Welfare Issues
Law and Order Issues
Mass Media and the ‘Others’
Landing of Albanian Refugees on Puglian coast, August 1991
Passage of the Dini Decree on Immigration, November 1995
Parliament Passes the Turco–Napolitano Law, March 1998
The Attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon in the United States, September 11, 2001
Parliament Passes the Bossi–Fini law, July 2002
The Enlargement of the European Union, May 1, 2004
Conclusion
THE CASE OF CYPRUS
The Political Context of Xenophobia in Cyprus
Discursive Reconstruction of ‘Us’ vs. ‘Them’
Collective Identity
Employment and Welfare Issues
Law and Order Issues
Antiestablishment
The Dichotomy of ‘Us’ against the Muslim ‘Others’
Assessing Impacts of XPP
Collective Identity
Employment and Welfare Issues
Law and Order Issues
Mass Media and the ‘Others’
The Change of Immigration Policy, 1989–1990
The Killing of Two Greek-Cypriots in Anti-Turkish Demonstrations in the Village of Deryneia
The Attacks on World Trade Center and Pentagon in the United States, September 11, 2001
The Enlargement of the European Union, May 1, 2004
Conclusion
THE CASE OF POLAND
The Political Context of Xenophobia in Poland
Discursive Reconstruction of ‘Us’ vs. ‘Them’
Collective Identity
Employment and Welfare Issues
Law and Order Issues
Antiestablishment
The Dichotomy of ‘Us’ against the Muslim ‘Others’
Assessing Impacts of XPP
Collective Identity
Employment and Welfare Issues
Law and Order Issues
Mass Media and the ‘Others’
The Fall of Communism, August 24, 1989
Riots in Mława, June 21, 1991
The Polish Debate about Jedwabne Murders during World War II
The Attack on the World Trade Center and Pentagon in the United States, September 11, 2001
Introduction of Visas for Ukrainians, Byelorussians, and Russians, November 1, 2003
The Enlargement of the European Union on May 1, 2004
Conclusion
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Demonisation of Muslims in Europe
The Dualism of ‘Us’ against ‘Them’
4 Institutional Discrimination in the Labour Market and the Educational System
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH DESIGN
INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR MARKET
Legal Frames of Institutional Discrimination
Priority Laws and Their Equivalents
Job Access Laws—Civil Service
Title (Non)Recognition
Antidiscrimination Law
Institutional Agentic Discrimination
Intersections: Ethnicity, Religion, Gender, and Class
The ‘Market’ Constructed as a Discriminatory Mechanism
Assumptions Concerning the ‘Others’
INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
Discrimination as a Societal and Interinstitutional Phenomenon
‘Otherization’ Processes in School
Equality and Difference
Segregation and Language
Discourses of Deficiency
Intersections: Ethnicity, Gender, and Class
CONCLUSION
5 Beyond the European Dilemma and the Categorisation of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’
INTRODUCTION
VOICES OF IMMIGRANTS IN EUROPE
CONCLUDING REMARKS OF THE STUDY
INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION, SOCIAL BOUNDARIES, AND INTEGRATION
INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION AND SYMBOLIC VIOLENCE
COMBATING INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION AND RACISM IN EUROPE
STRATEGIES AND REMEDIES FOR COMBATING RACISM AND DISCRIMINATION
Notes
References
Index
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Tags: Masoud Kamali, Discrimination, Institutional
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