(Ebook) Proton Radiotherapy Accelerators 1st Edition by Wioletta Wieszczycka, Waldemar Henryk Schaf ISBN 9789810245283 9810245289

(Ebook) Proton Radiotherapy Accelerators 1st Edition by Wioletta Wieszczycka, Waldemar Henryk Schaf ISBN 9789810245283 9810245289

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ISBN 10: 9810245289
ISBN 13: 9789810245283
Author: Wioletta Wieszczycka, Waldemar Henryk Schaf

(Ebook) Proton Radiotherapy Accelerators 1st Edition Table of contents:

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Cancer and Radiation Therapy

1.2 Historical Development of Radiation Therapy

1.3 Modern Tools for Conventional Radiotherapy

1.3.1 Main Parameters of Conventional Therapy Beams

1.3.2 Elements of Conventional Accelerator System

1.3.3 Reasons for Development of Non-conventional Radiotherapies

1.4 Glossary

1.4.1 Beam Intensity

1.4.2 Beam Range in an Absorbing Medium

1.4.3 Bragg Peak Modulation

1.4.4 Range Adjustment

1.4.5 Radiation Field

1.4.6 Field Homogeneity on a Transverse Section

1.4.7 Homogeneity Region in a Plane Orthogonal to the Beam Direction

1.4.8 Field Homogeneity along the Beam Axis

1.4.9 Field Symmetry

1.4.10 Lateral Penumbra

1.4.11 Distal Dose Fall-off

CHAPTER 2 PHYSICAL AND RADIOBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF HADRONS

2.1 Basic Facts in Radiotherapy

2.1.1 Dose-Effects Curves

2.1.2 RBE Dependence on LET and OER

2.2 An Introduction to Hadrontherapy

2.3 Energy Loss

2.3.1 Nuclear Energy Loss

2.3.2 Electronic Energy Loss

2.3.3 Range and Bragg Curves

2.3.4 Track Formation and Radial Dose Distribution

2.4 Interaction of Hadrons with Biological Matter

2.4.1 Cellular Organization and the Target of Radiation Action

2.4.2 Hadrons' Track in Biological Matter

2.4.3 RBE of Hadrons

2.4.4 Fractionation and Oxygen Effect

CHAPTER 3 STATUS OF CLINICAL RESEARCH IN PROTONTHERAPY

3.1 Precision in Radiotherapy and the Role of Protons in Improving Treatment Precision

3.1.1 Precision in Conventional Radiotherapy

3.1.2 Role of Proton Beams in Improving Treatment Precision

3.1.3 Range Uncertainties of the Protons in the Patients

3.2 Clinical Experience in Protontherapy. Patient Statistics

3.3 Clinical Indications for Protontherapy

3.3.1 Ocular Melanomas

3.3.2 Skull Base and Cervical Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas

3.3.3 Intracranial Tumors

3.3.4 Pituitary Tumors

3.3.5 Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM)

3.3.6 Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

3.4 Hadrontherapy Diseases Categories

3.5 Number of Hadrontherapy Patients World-Wide

CHAPTER 4 HADRONTHERAPY FACILITIES WORLD-WIDE

4.1 Hadrons Acceleration and Beam Delivery Technologies for Radiotherapy

4.1.1 Accelerator for Radiotherapy with Hadrons

4.1.2 Energy Selection System

4.1.3 Beam Transport

4.1.4 Gantry

4.1.5 Beam Delivery Systems

4.2 Historical Development of Hadrontherapy Centers

4.2.1 Hadrontherapy Centers Localized in the Research Facilities

4.2.2 Second Generation of Research Hadrontherapy Facilities

4.2.3 Hospital-Based Dedicated Hadrontherapy Facilities

4.3 Planned Hadrontherapy Centers

4.4 International Collaborations for Design an Universal Protontherapy Center

4.5 Firm Project of Protontherapy Centers

CHAPTER 5 REQUIREMENTS FOR HADRONTHERAPY CENTERS

5.1 Medical and Technical Performance Specifications for the Clinical Proton Beam

5.1.1 Beam Range in Absorbing Medium

5.1.2 Bragg Peak Modulation

5.1.3 Range Adjustment

5.1.4 Field Size

5.1.5 Field Homogeneity and Symmetry

5.1.6 Lateral Penumbra

5.1.7 Distal Dose Fall-off

5.1.8 Average Dose Rate

5.1.9 Dose Accuracy

5.1.10 Beam Intensity Requirements

5.1.11 Source to Axis Distance (SAD); Source to Surface Distance (SSD)

5.1.12 Displacement of the Beam Axis from the Isocenter

5.1.13 Gantry Rotation

5.1.14 Time Structure of the Extracted Beam

5.1.15 Beam Abort Time

5.2 Performance Specification for the General Facility

5.2.1 Treatment Rooms

5.2.2 Facility Availability

5.2.3 Treatment Beams

5.2.4 Dosimetry Reproducibility

5.2.5 Control System

5.2.6 Radiation Safety of the Facility

5.2.7 Operation Costs

5.3 Protontherapy Equipment System

5.4 Building Design

CHAPTER 6 PROTONTHERAPY ACCELERATORS

6.1 Performance Specifications for Accelerators Systems

6.1.1 Energy

6.1.2 Beam Intensity

6.1.3 Quality of the Extracted Beam

6.1.4 Accelerator Beam Monitoring

6.1.5 Physical Characteristics of Accelerators

6.1.6 Costs of the Dedicated Proton Accelerator

6.2 Operating Principles of Proton Accelerators

6.2.1 Cyclotron

6.2.2 Proton Synchrotron

6.2.3 Proton Linear Accelerator

6.2.4 Synchrocyclotron

6.2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Accelerators Used for Protontherapy

6.3 Examples of Cyclotrons for Protontherapy

6.3.1 A Room Temperature Design Cyclotron - Cyclone 235

6.3.2 Compact Superconducting Cyclotron Design - CAL/Siemens

6.4 Examples of Synchrotrons for Protontherapy

6.5 Examples of Linear Accelerators for Protontherapy

6.5.1 Standing Wave Design

6.5.2 Booster Linear Accelerator

CHAPTER 7 BEAM TRANSPORT AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS

7.1 Effects of Material in the Beam Path

7.1.1 Multiple Scattering

7.1.2 Range Straggling

7.1.3 Beam Fragmentation

7.2 Performance Specifications for Beam Transport System

7.2.1 Beam Parameters

7.2.2 Beam Switching and Tuning

7.2.3 Beam Diagnostics, Monitoring and Safety

7.3 Performance Specifications for Treatment Beam Line (Nozzle)

7.3.1 Specifications for Nozzle Using Scattering

7.3.2 Specifications for Nozzle Using Scanning

7.4 Beam Transport Systems

7.4.1 LLUMC Beam Transport System

7.4.2 NPTC Beam Transport System

7.5 Beam Preparation for Clinical Use

7.5.1 Variable Range Shifters

7.5.2 Range Modulation

7.5.3 Transverse (Lateral) Spreading of Particle Beams

7.5.4 Collimators

7.5.5 Dynamic Beam Shaping

CHAPTER 8 PROTON GANTRIES

8.1 Specifications for the Proton Gantries

8.2 Proton Gantries Solutions

8.2.1 Corkscrew Gantry

8.2.2 Large Throw Gantry

8.2.3 Compact Gantry

8.2.4 ITEP Proposal of Anti-Gantry (AG)

CHAPTER 9 RADIATION DETECTORS

9.1 Dosimetry Principles

9.2 Beam Monitoring, Dosimetry and Microdosimetry

9.2.1 Monitoring Chain

9.2.2 Reference Dosimetry

9.2.3 Systems for Relative Dosimetry

9.2.4 Microdosimetry

9.3 Phantoms

9.4 Dosimetry Intercomparisons and Protocol for Protontherapy Beams

9.5 Examples of Monitoring and Dosimetry Systems

9.6 Cost Estimations

CHAPTER 10 TREATMENT ANCILLARY FACILITIES

10.1 Performance Specifications for Treatment Ancillary Facilities

10.1.1 Performance Specifications for Pre-Treatment Equipment and Diagnostic Tools

10.1.2 Performance Specifications for Treatment Planning Software and Hardware

10.1.3 Performance Specifications for Patient Positioning and Alignment Devices

10.2 Treatment Planning Software and Hardware

10.2.1 Algorithms

10.2.2 Assessment of a Plan and Comparison of Competing Plans

10.2.3 Eye Treatment Planning

10.2.4 Available Systems for Treatment Planning

10.3 Patient Positioning and Alignment Devices

10.3.1 Immobilization Techniques and Devices

10.3.2 Therapeutic Couch and Chair

10.3.3 Verification of Patient Positioning

10.3.4 Treatment Simulation

10.3.5 Examples of Patient Handling Systems in the Existing Proton Facilities

10.4 Systems for Irradiation Gated by Respiration of the Patient

10.4.1 HIMAC Respirated-Gated Beam Control System

10.4.2 NAC Stereophotogrammetric (SPG) System

CHAPTER 11 CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE PROTONTHERAPY CENTER

11.1 Control System of the Protontherapy Center

11.2 Control System Proposed for Italian Hadrontherapy Center

11.3 Safety Systems

11.3.1 Safety Requirements

11.3.2 Safety System Proposed for Italian Hadrontherapy Center

CHAPTER 12 SHIELDING FOR PROTON FACILITY

12.1 Performance Specifications for Shielding

12.1.1 Radiation Exposure

12.1.2 Attenuation in Shielding

12.1.3 Neutron Sources

12.1.4 Attenuation in Mazes and Ducts

12.1.5 Activation

12.2 Bunker Project for Italian Hadrontherapy Center

12.2.1 Beam Loss Sources

12.2.2 Shielding Project

CHAPTER 13 GLOBAL COSTS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE PROTON CENTER

13.1 Cost Considerations of Hadrontherapy

13.2 Comparison of Treatment Costs

13.3 Global Costs of Existing the Proton Facilities

13.3.1 Costs of the Equipment

13.3.2 Operational Expenses of Existing Proton Facilities

13.3.3 Staff Requirements and Costs

CHAPTER 14 PROPOSAL OF A DEDICATED PROTONTHERAPY FACILITY

14.1 Clinical Requirements for a Dedicated Protontherapy Center

14.1.1 Equipment for Protontherapy Facility

14.1.2 Building for Protontherapy Facility

14.2 Conclusions

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Tags: Wioletta Wieszczycka, Waldemar Henryk Schaf, Proton Radiotherapy Accelerators