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EbookNice Team
Status:
Available0.0
0 reviewsISBN 10: 9211064295
ISBN 13: 978-9211064292
Author: United Nations
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASM) is a poverty-driven activity that provides an important source of livelihood for rural communities. The amount of mercury lost by 10 to 15 million small-scale gold miners can reach as much as 1,000 tonnes a year, potentially contaminating 100 million people worldwide. This document brings simple, replicable and sustainable techniques to be used by environmental and health agencies, mining-related institutions and researchers for monitoring mercury pollution. These are badly needed decision-making tools to support mitigation of a serious problem.
PART 1-ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
1.1. AMALGAMATION AND MERCURY RELEASES.
1.1.1. Mercury Used by ASM
Amalgamating
Cyanidation of Tailings.
Removing Excess Hg
Burning Amalgams
Recycling Mercury
Melting Gold
The He ratio.
Other Important Aspects
1.1.2. Evaluating Hg Releases.
Sampling ASM Operations
1.2. CHARACTERIZING CONTAMINATION AND POLLUTION..
1.3. SOILS AND SEDIMENTS.
1.3.1. Determining Soil and Sediment Background.
Sampling Soils and Sediments for Background Determination.
1.3.2. Dispersed Contamination.
Atmospheric Deposition Rates.
Atmospheric Deposition Forms.
Sampling Soils and Sediments with Dispersed Hg Contamination.
1.3.3. Hotspots.
Sampling and Locating Mining Hotspots.
Sampling Air in Hotspots.
Sampling and Locating Environmental Hotspots.
1.3.4. Mercury Mobility
Predicting Hg Mobility...
Sampling to Establish Mercury Mobility
1.4. WATER..
Sampling Water..
1.5. ASSESSING MERCURY BIOAVAILABILITY.
1.5.1. Using Selective Extraction to Assess Bioavailability.
1.5.2. Using Fish to Assess Bioavailability
Standardizing Approach.
Impoundment Effect
Sampling Fish
Preserving Fish Samples
Bioassays...
1.5.3. Using Invertebrates to Assess Bioavailability.
Sampling Aquatic Invertebrates..
1.5.4. Taxonomic Richness and Abundance to Assess Bioavailability.
1.5.5. Using Physico-chemical Variables to Assess Bioavailability
Humosity...
Water Conductivity.
Sediment pH.
Sediment Eh
Biomass..
Temperature
1.5.6. Using Humans to Assess Bioavailability.
Urine.
Sampling Urine
Creatinine in Urine
Proteinuria in Urine.
Blood
Sampling Blood.
Hair.
Sampling Hair
1.6. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES..
1.6.1. Water
1.6.2. Sediment
Digestion Procedures.
Direct Mercury Analysis.
Measurement of total Hg using CVAAS Measurement of total Hg using CVAFS
Measurement of total Hg using ICP/MS
Analyzing MeHg in Soils and Sediments.
1.6.3. Biota Tissue.
1.6.4. Urine, Blood and Hair
1.6.5. Other Analytical Procedures.
1.7. QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL
1.7.1. Precision
1.7.2. Accuracy..
1.7.3. Method Detection Limit
PART 2-HEALTH ASSESSMENT..
2.1. HEALTH EFFECTS CAUSED BY MERCURY VAPOUR
Symptoms of Hg Vapour Exposure.
Health Problems of ASM Exposure to Hg Vapour
2.2. HEALTH EFFECTS CAUSED BY METHYLMERCURY
2.2.1. Iraq Tragedy
2.2.2. The Minamata Outbreak
2.2.3. MeHg Poisoning.
Effects of MeHg on the Brain
Main Symptoms
Congenital Effects of MeHg.
2.2.4. Low-level MeHg Exposure
2.3. GUIDELINES AND REFERENCE DOSES
2.3.1. Hg in Urine.
2.3.2. Hg in Fish
2.3.2. Hg in Hair
2.4. SAMPLING FISH FOR HEALTH ASSESSMENT
2.5. MEDICAL EXAM
2.5.1. Procedures
2.5.2. Confounding Factors
2.5.3. Data Management.
2.6. PUBLIC INFORMATION
2.7. A SUGGESTED SEQUENCE OF ACTIONS.
2.8. DISCLAIMER.
APPENDIX 1: EXAMPLE OF A HEALTH ASSESSMENT SURVEY.
REFERENCES
1. General Questionnaire
2. Health Questionnaire.
3. Clinical-Neurological Examination.
5. Specimens
4. Specific (Neuropsychological) Tests.
6. Laboratory Analysis Results.
7. Medical Score Sum..
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Tags: United Nations, Protocols for Environmental, Health Assessment