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6 reviewsAssociative learning depends on contingency, the degree to which a stimulus predicts an outcome. Despite its importance, the neural mechanisms linking contingency to behavior remain elusive. In the present study, we examined the dopamine activity in the ventral striatum—a signal implicated in associative learning—in a Pavlovian contingency degradation task in mice. We show that both anticipatory licking and dopamine responses to a conditioned stimulus decreased when additional rewards were delivered uncued, but remained unchanged if additional rewards were cued. These results confict with contingency-based accounts using a traditional defnition of contingency or a new causal learning model (ANCCR), but can be explained by temporal diference (TD) learning models equipped with an appropriate intertrial interval state representation. Recurrent neural networks trained within a TD framework develop state representations akin to our best ‘handcrafted’ model. Our fndings suggest that the TD error can be a measure that describes both contingency and dopaminergic activity.