(Ebook) Preconception and Prenatal Radiation Exposure Health Effects and Protective Guidance 1st Edition by NCRP ISBN 9780983545040 0983545049

(Ebook) Preconception and Prenatal Radiation Exposure Health Effects and Protective Guidance 1st Edition by NCRP ISBN 9780983545040 0983545049

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ISBN 10: 0983545049
ISBN 13: 9780983545040
Author: NCRP

This Report was prepared by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). The Council strives to provide accurate, complete and useful information in its documents. However, neither NCRP, the members of NCRP, other persons contributing to or assisting in the preparation of this Report, nor any person acting on the behalf of any of these parties: (a) makes any warranty or representation, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of the information contained in this Report, or that the use of any information, method or process disclosed in this Report may not infringe on privately owned rights; or (b) assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of any information, method or process disclosed in this Report, under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 701 et seq. as amended 42 U.S.C. Section 2000e et seq. (Title VII) or any other statutory or common law theory governing liability

(Ebook) Preconception and Prenatal Radiation Exposure Health Effects and Protective Guidance 1st Edition Table of contents:

1. Executive Summary
    1.1 Background and Purpose
    1.2 Ionizing Radiation Exposures of Reproductive Relevance
    1.3 Preconception Ionizing Radiation Risks
    1.4 Pregnancy Risks from Ionizing Radiation
    1.5 Ionizing Radiation Risk to the Nursing Infant
    1.6 Mitigation of Ionizing Radiation Risk for Pregnant or Potentially-Pregnant Women
    1.7 Risks to the Embryo or Fetus During Magnetic-Resonance Imaging
    1.8 Risks to the Embryo or Fetus from Other Radiofrequency Sources
    1.9 Risks to the Embryo or Fetus from Ultrasound Imaging
    1.10 Communicating Benefits and Risks

2. Introduction
    2.1 Background and Purpose
    2.2 Scope of this Report
    2.3 Gestational Age Conventions

3. Ionizing Radiation Exposures of Reproductive Relevance
    3.1 Quantities, Units, and Related Concepts
    3.2 Primary Sources of Ionizing Radiation Exposure to Pregnant Women
     3.2.1 Medical Care
     3.2.2 Occupational Exposure
     3.2.3 Ubiquitous Background Exposure
    3.3 Principles of Ionizing Radiation Protection
    3.4 Dose-Response Relationships for Stochastic Effects

4. Preconception Ionizing Radiation Risks
    4.1 Importance of Preconception Exposures
    4.2 Biology of Human Gametogenesis
    4.3 Detecting Radiation Damage in Sperm and Eggs
    4.4 Detecting Human Germ-Cell Mutagenesis in Offspring: Theory
    4.5 Human Germ-Cell Mutagenesis: Practice
     4.5.1 Endpoints for Studies of Mutagenesis
     4.5.2 Relative Biological Effectiveness
    4.6 Heritable Disease in Exposed Populations
     4.6.1 Residential Exposures from High or Enhanced Background Radiation
     4.6.2 Japanese Atomic-Bomb Survivors
     4.6.3 Exposed Occupational Groups
     4.6.4 Mutations in Minisatellite Deoxyribonucleic Acid Sequences
     4.6.5 Medical Groups
     4.6.6 Summary of Heritable Disease in Exposed Populations

5. Pregnancy Risks from Ionizing Radiation
    5.1 General Principles
     5.1.1 Background Pregnancy Risks
     5.1.2 Embryonic and Fetal Developmental Stages and the Deleterious Dose
     5.1.3 Types of Effects
     5.1.4 Protraction and Fractionation
     5.1.5 The All-or-None Phenomenon
     5.1.6 Lack of Indirect Effect on a Shielded Embryo During Maternal Irradiation
     5.1.7 Evaluation of the Evidence for Radiation-Induced Effects
     5.1.8 Relative Biological Effectiveness
    5.2 Risks and Outcomes
     5.2.1 Mental Retardation and Other Neurological Effects
     5.2.2 Congenital Malformations (birth defects)
     5.2.3 Growth Retardation
     5.2.4 Embryonic and Fetal Death (miscarriage and stillbirth in humans)
     5.2.5 Adult Diseases
     5.2.6 Oncogenic Effects of In Utero Irradiation
    5.3 Guidance for Diagnostic and Fluoroscopically-Guided Interventional Procedures

6. Radiation Risk to the Nursing Infant
    6.1 Radiopharmaceuticals Administered to the Mother
    6.2 Brachytherapy
    6.3 Environmental Exposure to Radioiodine

7. Mitigation of Ionizing Radiation Risk for Pregnant or Potentially-Pregnant Women
    7.1 Pregnancy Testing and Documentation
     7.1.1 Introduction
     7.1.2 Assessment of Pregnancy
     7.1.3 Methods for Pregnancy Assessment
     7.1.4 Documentation of Pregnancy and Pregnancy Policy Considerations
     7.1.5 Summary of Pregnancy Assessment
    7.2 Managing Dose and Mitigating Exposure
     7.2.1 Medical Diagnostic Imaging
     7.2.2 Radiation Therapy
     7.2.3 Occupational Exposure
     7.2.4 Accidental or Deliberate Exposure

8. Nonionizing Modalities and Sources
    8.1 Risks to the Embryo or Fetus During Magnetic-Resonance Imaging
     8.1.1 Introduction
     8.1.2 Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields
     8.1.3 Effect of Time-Varying Magnetic Field Gradients
     8.1.4 Effect of Static Magnetic Fields
     8.1.5 Clinical Guidelines for Magnetic-Resonance Imaging in Pregnant Patients
     8.1.6 Use of Contrast Agents
    8.2 Risks to the Embryo or Fetus from Other Radiofrequency Sources
     8.2.1 Introduction
     8.2.2 Limits for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Sources
     8.2.3 Electromagnetic Field Interactions
     8.2.4 Current Safety Standards
     8.2.5 Nonthermal Effects
     8.2.6 Thermal Effects
    8.3 Risks to the Embryo or Fetus from Ultrasound Imaging
     8.3.1 Introduction
     8.3.2 Nature of Ultrasound
     8.3.3 Epidemiology
     8.3.4 Areas of Special Concern
     8.3.5 Safety Guidelines

9. Communicating Benefits and Risks
    9.1 State of Knowledge and Practice of Medical Professionals
    9.2 Professional Counseling
    9.3 Information Resources for Professionals
    9.4 State of Public Knowledge
    9.5 Information Resources for Members of the Public

10. Conclusions and Recommendations
     10.1 Conclusions
     10.2 Recommendations

Appendix A. Radiation Exposure Consultations
 A.1 Introduction
 A.2 Ionizing Radiation
 A.3 Nonionizing Modalities and Sources
 A.4 Examples of Consultations
  A.4.1 Diagnostic X-Ray Studies Without Abdomen and Pelvis Exposure
  A.4.2 Diagnostic X-Ray Studies Directly Exposing Abdomen and Pelvis
  A.4.3 Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine Studies
  A.4.4 Ionizing Radiation Therapy with Radionuclides
  A.4.5 External High-Dose Radiation Therapy During Pregnancy
  A.4.6 Family Members Receiving External-Beam Radiation Therapy
  A.4.7 Family Members Administered Radioactive Material
  A.4.8 Exposure to Sperm from Diagnostic X-Ray Studies
  A.4.9 Exposure to Sperm from Radiation Therapy
  A.4.10 Exposure from Communication Microwave Sources

Appendix B. Radiation Exposure Questions and Answers
 B.1 Single Questions and Answers
 B.2 A More Complex Consultation

Appendix C. Example Forms
 C.1 Pre-examination Pregnancy Determination
 C.2 Informed Consent for X-Ray Examinations

Abbreviations, Acronyms and Symbols
Glossary
References
Scientific Committee
The NCRP
Officers
Members
Distinguished Emeritus Members
Lauriston S. Taylor Lecturers
NCRP Publications
 Reports
 Commentaries
 Proceedings of the Annual Meeting
 Lectures
 Symposium Proceedings
 Statements
 Other Documents

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Tags: NCRP, Preconception, Prenatal Radiation, Protective Guidance