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ISBN 10: 1566705894
ISBN 13: 9781420032246
Author: David M Nielsen
Published in 1991, the first edition of The Practical Handbook of Ground-Water Monitoring quickly became the gold standard reference on the topic of ground-water monitoring. But, as in all rapidly evolving fields, regulations change, technology advances, methods improve, and research reveals flaws in prior thinking. As a consequence, books that document the state of the science, even widely acknowledged definitive works, become outdated and need to be rewritten periodically to stay current. Reflecting this and renamed to highlight its wider scope, The Practical Handbook of Environmental Site Characterization and Ground-Water Monitoring, Second Edition provides an updated look at the field. Completely revised, the book contains so much new information that it has doubled in size. Containing the most up-to-date information available, this second edition emphasizes the practical application of current technology. It covers environmental site characterization and ground-water monitoring in great detail, from the federal regulations that govern environmental investigations, to the various direct and indirect methods of investigating and monitoring the subsurface, to the analysis and interpretation of complex sets of environmental data. Cheaper, better, faster was the mantra of the 1990s, resulting in more streamlined approaches to both environmental site characterization and ground-water monitoring, but also pitting the application of good science against the mandate to get a project done as quickly and inexpensively as possible. This book provides unbiased, technical discussions of the tremendously powerful tools developed in the last decade, helping environmental professionals strike a balance between good science and economics.
1. Regulatory Mandates for Ground-Water Monitoring
The Need for Ground-Water Monitoring: Protection of a Resource at Risk
Federal Regulatory Mandates for Ground-Water Monitoring
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
RCRA Subtitle D
RCRA Subtitle C
RCRA Subtitle I
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
Toxic Substances Control Act
Clean Water Act
Safe Drinking Water Act
Drinking Water Quality Standards
Sole-Source Aquifer Program
Wellhead Protection Program
Underground Injection Control Program
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
Brownfields
Federal Ground-Water Protection Strategy
Ground-Water Classification
Discussion of Ground-Water Quality Standards
Mechanisms for a Workable Federal Ground-Water Program
Comprehensive State Ground-Water Protection Programs
Ground Water and Terrorism
Ground Water and Development
References
2. Environmental Site Characterization
Introduction & Background
Importance of Environmental Site Characterization
Historical Problems: Heterogeneity, Sample and Data Representativeness
Objectives & Required Data
Approaches: Conventional/Phased Approach, Phase I, Phase II and Beyond
Improved Approaches: Accelerated, Expedited, Triad Approach, Dynamic Field Activities
Elements of an Environmental Site Characterization Program
Systematic Project Planning
Selecting Key Personnel
Identifying Goals, Objectives, and Decisions
Establishing Data Quality Objectives (DQOs)
Reviewing Existing Site Information
Conducting Site Reconnaissance & Developing Initial Conceptual Site Model (CSM)
Designing a Data Collection Program
Field Methods, Sample Collection, Analysis, Other Investigations
Surface Geophysics, Soil-Gas Surveys
Dynamic Work Plans, Adaptive Sampling and Analysis Plans
Supporting Work Plans: SAP, QAPP, Health & Safety, Data Management
Data Analysis, Evaluation, and Interpretation: Revising CSM
Field-Based Analytical Technologies
Regulatory Role & QA/QC Programs
Selection of Field Analytical Technologies
References
3. Monitoring and Sampling the Vadose Zone
Characteristics, Definitions, and Terminology
Multiple-Phase Components: Solid, Water, Gas/Vapor, Immiscible Fluids
Vadose Zone Moisture & Energy: Hydrostatics, Capillarity, Suction, Hysteresis, Energy Potential
Vadose Zone Flow: Water, Vapors, Relative Permeability
Monitoring Methods: Storage, Transmission, Water Quality
Soil Sampling & Water Sampling: Pore Water Extraction, Lysimeters
Soil-Gas Monitoring Technology: Methodology, QA/QC, Applications, Case Study
Problems and Interpretation of Soil-Gas Data
Summary & References
4. Remote Sensing and Geophysical Methods
Background, Sample Density, Scale Dependence
Continuous and Station Measurements
Applications: Hydrogeologic Conditions, Contaminant Plumes, Buried Wastes
Airborne, Surface, Downhole Geophysics
Remote Sensing and Imaging/Nonimaging Methods
Surface Geophysical Methods: GPR, EM & Resistivity, Seismic, Microgravity, Magnetometry
Downhole Geophysical Measurements: Nuclear & Nonnuclear Logs
Applications & Summary
Selection of Geophysical Methods
References
5. Environmental Drilling
Introduction, Health and Safety, Site Access, Disposal of Fluids & Cuttings
Drilling Methods: Without Circulation Fluids (Probing, Direct-Push, Auger Drilling), With Fluids (Wash, Rotary, Sonic, Percussion)
Selection Criteria: Lithology, Depth, Sample Type, Cost
Soil Sampling: Bulk, Representative, Undisturbed, Composite; Samplers & Methods
Rock Coring: Core Losses, Logs, Handling Procedures
Borehole Logging: Soil & Rock Descriptions, Drilling Information
Drilling Contracts: Agreements, Conditions, Drawings, Specifications
Conclusions & References
6. Use of Direct-Push (DP) Technologies
Introduction, Advantages & Limitations
DP Systems & Equipment: Manual, Mechanically Assisted, Rigs, CPT Systems
DP Soil Sampling: Single-Rod & Dual-Tube Methods, Sealed/Nonsealed Samplers
Soil-Gas Sampling: ASTM Guidance, Probe Configurations, QA/QC Procedures
Ground-Water Sampling: Single-Rod, Dual-Tube, Specialized DP Probes, In Situ Measurements
Tools for Soil Properties & Subsurface Contamination Delineation: Resistivity, LIF, Raman, MIP, Other Sensors
Video Imaging Systems
DP Well Installation: Methods, Comparisons to Conventional Wells
Results of Recent Research
Tags: David M Nielsen, Environmental, Characterization