(Ebook) Possibility and Actuality 1st edition by Nicolai Hartmann 3110246681 9783110246681

(Ebook) Possibility and Actuality 1st edition by Nicolai Hartmann 3110246681 9783110246681

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ISBN 10: 3110246681
ISBN 13: 9783110246681
Author: Nicolai Hartmann

Nicolai Hartmann's Possibility and Actuality is the second volume of a four-part investigation of ontology. It deals with such questions as: How do we know that something is really possible? Is the possible only the actual? Is the actual only the possible? What is the difference between ideal and real possibility? This groundbreaking work of modal analysis describes the logical relations between possibility, actuality, and necessity, and it provides insight into the relations between modes of knowledge and modes of being. Hartmann reviews the history of philosophical concepts of possibility and necessity, from ancient Megarian philosophy to Aristotle, to Medieval Scholasticism, to Leibniz, Kant, and Hegel. He explains the importance of modal analysis as a basic investigative tool, and he proposes an approach to understanding the nature of human existence that unifies the fields of ontology, modal logic, metaphysics, and epistemology. This brilliant and fascinating work is relevant to many topics of debate in contemporary philosophy, including the ontology of possible worlds, the metaphysics of modality, the logic of counterfactual conditionals, and modal epistemology. It illuminates the nature of real, ideal, logical, and epistemic possibility.

Possibility and Actuality 1st Table of contents:

Part One: The Problem of the Levels of Modality
I Aporias and Equivocations of Modal Concepts
1 Meanings of “Contingency”
a) A Provisional Hierarchy of the Six Modes
b) The Questionable Position of Contingency
c) Equivocations of Contingency
d) The Only Ontically Relevant Meaning. Consequences
2 The Meanings of Necessity
a) The Relation of Necessity to its Counter-Modes
b) Equivocations in Linguistic Usage
c) Philosophically Essential Meanings of Being-Necessary
d) Summarization and Supplementation
3 Meanings of Possibility
a) Disjunctive and Indifferent Possibility
b) Logical, Ideal, and Gnoseological Possibility
c) The Particular Nature of Real Possibility
d) The Real Aspect of Partial Possibility
e) The Relationality of Possibility and its Essential Boundary
4 Meanings of Actuality
a) The Fluctuations of Meaning in Linguistic Usage
b) Logical, Gnoseological, and Essential Actuality
c) The Special Position of Real Actuality
d) Actuality and Nonactuality
II The Basic Modal Law
5 Toward the Differentiation of the Modes
a) The Appearance of Contingency in Being-Actual
b) The Reflection of the Modes of Being in the Secondary Modes
c) The Dimensions of Opposition of Modal Diversity
6 The Opposition of the Fundamental and Relational Modes
a) Conditionality and Unconditionality of the Kind of Being
b) The Aporia of Conditionality in Essential Necessity
c) The Same Aporia in Essential Possibility
7 The Development of the Basic Modal Law
a) The Relativity of Relational Modes to Fundamental Modes
b) The Proof of “Internal” Relativity
c) Implementation and Apparent Difficulties
d) Nonactuality as a Fundamental Mode
e) The Proof of “External” Relativity
f) The Position of Negative Conditions
8 Supplement to the Basic Modal Law
a) The Third Kind of Relativity in the Relational Modes
b) The Historical. The Threefold Modal Law of Aristotle
c) The Historical Perspective
III General Arrangement of the Modes
9 The Position of Contingency Under the Basic Modal Law
a) The Abolishment of External Relativity in Contingency
b) The Aporia in the Relation of Possibility and Contingency
c) The Alternative between Contingency and Relational Modality
d) The Maintenance of Internal Relativity in Contingency
10 Contingency and the Self-Abolition of Necessity
a) The Ontological Principle of Contingency
b) Absolutely Necessary and Absolutely Contingent Being
c) Contingency as Irregular Mode and Limiting Mode
11 The Formal System of Modes
a) Modal Indifference and Modal Heterogeneity
b) The Dimensional Arrangement of the Regular Modes
c) The Insertion of the Irregular Mode
d) The Position of Indifferences in the Formal System of Modes

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