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28 reviewsThawing permafrost soils are predicted to release substantial amounts ofcarbon by 2100. In addition to this, warming-induced active-layer deepeningand increased rooting depth may result in further carbon losses from1234567890():,;1234567890():,;previously-frozen soil by stimulating microbial communities through freshcarbon inputs inducing positive rhizosphere priming. While models based ontemperate data predict significant permafrost carbon loss through rhizosphere priming, data from permafrost soils are lacking. Here, we provide directevidence of live plant-induced positive rhizosphere priming in permafrost andactive-layer soils across diverse soil types from Arctic and Subarctic Canada. By 13CO2 labelling plants in a controlled environment, we show that root activityincreases carbon loss from previously frozen soils by 31%. This rhizospherepriming effect persists longer in permafrost than in active-layer soils, suggesting greater vulnerability of permafrost carbon. These findings underscorethe urgency of incorporating plant–soil–microbe interactions into modelspredicting greenhouse gas emissions from thawing permafrost.