(Ebook) Phonology in the Twentieth Century : Second edition, revised and expanded by Stephen R. Anderson ISBN 9783961103270, 3961103275

(Ebook) Phonology in the Twentieth Century : Second edition, revised and expanded by Stephen R. Anderson ISBN 9783961103270, 3961103275

1 Introduction 12 Ferdinand de Saussure 212.1 Saussure’s life and career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.2 The Saussurean view of language, languages, and linguistics . . 302.3 The linguistic sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.4 The relation of languages to their history . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Saussure’s View of sound structure 413.1 Sounds, sound images, and their study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.2 ‘Phonèmes’ and ‘phonetic species’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463.3 The linguistic representation of signifiants . . . . . . . . . . . . 503.4 Some approaches to the study of phonological differences . . . . 533.5 Saussure’s description of alternations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603.6 Saussure and the phonological tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664 The Kazan School: De Courtenay 694.1 Biographical remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704.2 The study of sound systems in the Kazan school . . . . . . . . . 754.3 The nature of phonological structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794.4 Kruszewski’s theory of alternations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844.5 Baudouin’s development of the theory of alternations . . . . . . 884.6 The later history of ‘Kazan phonology’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955 From the Moscow Circle to the Prague School and Trubetzkoy’sGrundzüge 995.1 The background of the Prague Circle and the life of Trubetzkoy 1005.2 Units in phonological analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095.3 The structure of phonological systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Contents5.4 Suprasegmental properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195.5 Neutralization, archiphonemes, and markedness . . . . . . . . . 1265.6 Morpho(pho)nology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1326 Roman Jakobson and the theory of distinctive features 1376.1 Origins of the distinctive feature theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1396.2 Developing the theory of distinctive features . . . . . . . . . . . 1426.3 The adequacy of Jakobson’s distinctive features . . . . . . . . . 1466.4 Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze . . . . . . . 1526.5 Information theory and Jakobson’s legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . 1587 Structural linguistics in Copenhagen: Louis Hjelmslev and his circle 1657.1 Hjelmslev’s life and career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1677.2 Hjelmslev’s notion of an ‘immanent’ Linguistics . . . . . . . . . 1747.3 Basic terms of glossematic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1777.4 Hjelmslev’s approach to the description of sound structure . . . 1827.5 The role of simplicity in a glossematic description . . . . . . . . 1897.6 Nonsegmental structure in glossematic phonology . . . . . . . . 1947.7 Eli Fischer-Jørgensen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 André Martinet and Functional Phonology 2058.1 Martinet’s life and career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2058.2 Phonology as functional phonetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2118.3 Functional factors in phonological change . . . . . . . . . . . . 2189 British linguistics and Firthian prosodic analysis 2259.1 Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones, and the British phonetic tradition . 2289.2 J. R. Firth’s life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2359.3 The Firthian view of language and linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . 2399.4 Systems and structures, sounds and prosodies . . . . . . . . . . 2439.5 Relations between prosodic and other approaches to phonology 25010 Franz Boas and the beginnings of American linguistics 25710.1 William Dwight Whitney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25710.2 Early work on American Indian languages . . . . . . . . . . . . 26010.3 Franz Boas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26210.4 Linguistic theory and Boas’s Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26710.5 Boas’s views of phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27110.6 Representations and rules in Boas’s descriptions . . . . . . . . . 276iiContents10.7 Abstractness in Boas’s phonological practice . . . . . . . . . . . 28111 Edward Sapir 28711.1 Sapir’s life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28711.2 Sapir’s view of the nature of language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29511.3 Sapir’s conception of phonological structure . . . . . . . . . . . 30211.4 Sapir’s descriptive practice in phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30711.5 Rules and their interactions in Sapir’s phonology . . . . . . . . 31211.6 The relation between rules and representations . . . . . . . . . 315APPENDIX: Abstractness and Sapir’s analysis of Southern Paiute . . . 32112 Leonard Bloomfield 32912.1 Bloomfield’s life and career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33012.2 Bloomfield’s view of language, linguistics, and psychology . . . 33512.3 Bloomfield’s conception of the phoneme . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34112.4 Representations in Bloomfield’s phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . 34512.5 The ‘abstractness’ of phonemic representations . . . . . . . . . 35012.6 Morphophonemics and the description of alternations . . . . . . 35413 American structuralist phonology 36113.1 Some prominent American structuralists . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36113.2 The American structuralist view of language . . . . . . . . . . . 36513.3 Initial formulations of the notion of ‘phoneme’ . . . . . . . . . . 37113.4 Twaddell’s “On Defining the Phoneme” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37613.5 Subsequent developments in structuralist phonemics . . . . . . 38313.6 American structuralist morphophonemics . . . . . . . . . . . . 38913.7 Rule interactions and the nature of descriptions . . . . . . . . . 39614 Generative Phonology and its origins 40314.1 The decline and fall of American structuralism . . . . . . . . . . 40414.2 The emergence of generative phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40814.3 Morris Halle and the bases of generative phonology . . . . . . . 41214.4 The antecedents of generative phonological theory . . . . . . . 42615 The Sound Pattern of English and its Aftermath 43315.1 The nature of the SPE program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43415.2 The problem of phonetic content within the SPE theory . . . . . 43615.3 How abstract are phonological representations? . . . . . . . . . 44215.4 Constraining representations: ‘Natural Generative Phonology’ . 446iiiContents15.5 Constraining rules: Natural phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44916 Toward a new millennium 45716.1 A focus on representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45816.1.1 Metrical Phonology and structure above the segment . . 45916.1.2 Autosegmental Phonology and structure within thesegment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46116.2 The rise of Optimality Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46516.3 An alternative view: The Laboratory Phonology movement . . . 46816.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470