(Ebook) Nondestructive Evaluation Theory Techniques and Applications 1st edition by Peter Shull 0203911068 9780203911068

(Ebook) Nondestructive Evaluation Theory Techniques and Applications 1st edition by Peter Shull 0203911068 9780203911068

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ISBN-10 :  0203911068  

ISBN-13 : 9780203911068

Author:   Peter J. Shull 

Describing NDE issues associated with real-world applications, this comprehensive book details conventional and forthcoming NDE technologies. It instructs on current practices, common techniques and equipment applications, and the potentials and limitations of current NDE methods. Each chapter details a different method, providing an overview, an e

Nondestructive Evaluation: Theory, Techniques, and Applications 1st Table of contents:

1.1 WHAT IS NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION?
1.2 NDE: WHAT’S IN A NAME?
1.3 HOW IS NDE APPLIED?
1.4 UNDERSTANDING THE NDE CHOICES
1.5 HOW MUCH DO WE INSPECT?
1.5.1 Statistics
1.5.2 Consequences of Part Failure (Non-Safety-Critical Parts)
1.5.3 Larger Systems or Safety-Critical Parts
1.5.4 Retirement for Cause
1.5.5 Risk-Informed Inspection
1.6 RELIABILITY OF NDE
2 Liquid Penetrant
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.1.1 Basic Technique (1—4)
2.1.2 History
2.1.3 PT’s Potential
2.1.4 Advantages/Disadvantages
2.2 FUNDAMENTALS
2.2.1 Fluid Flow
2.2.2 Illumination and Detection: The Eye’s Response to Visible Spectrum Illumination
2.3 TECHNIQUES
2.3.1 Basic Method
2.3.2 Cleaning
2.3.3 Types of Penetrants
2.3.4 Temperature
2.3.5 Dwell Time
2.3.6 Removing Excess Penetrant
2.3.7 Types of Developers
2.3.8 Examination and Interpretation
2.3.9 Illumination
comparators should be used to demonstrate consistency and sensitivity of the penetrant test. (Also see Section 2.3.3 for additional information on the spectra of illumination and fluorescence.)
2.3.10 Final Cleaning
2.3.11 Specifications and Standards
2.4 APPLICATIONS (2—5)
2.4.1 Fabrication Industries
2.4.2 Aerospace Industries
2.4.3 Petrochemical Plants
2.4.4 Automotive and Marine Manufacture and Maintenance
2.4.5 Electrical Power Industry
2.4.6 Other Applications
2.5 SUMMARY
3 Ultrasound
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.1.1 What Ultrasonic Waves Are, and How They Propagate
3.1.2 Technique Overview
3.1.3 History (1—6)
In other words, only when ultrasonic waves could be easily generated and detected could ultrasonics be accepted as a widely employed NDE method. In 1880, the brothers Curie discovered crystals that could convert ultrasonic energy to electrical energy. In 1881, Lippmann discovered the inverse effect known as the piezoelectric effect (Section 3.3.1), converting electrical energy into ultrasonic energy in the same crystals. After these discoveries, one of the earliest practical ultrasonic endeavors was iceberg detection at sea-developed in 1912 as a direct response to the sinking of the Titanic. The success of this application led to other underwater applications, including submarine detection during World War I.
3.1.4 Applications
3.1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages
3.2 THEORY
3.2.1 Introduction to Wave Propagation
3.2.2 Wave Motion and the Wave Equation
3.2.3 Specific Acoustic Impedance and Pressure
3.2.4 Reflection and Refraction at an Interface
3.2.5 Attenuation
3.2.6 Guided Waves
3.3 TRANSDUCERS FOR GENERATION AND DETECTION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES
3.3.1 Piezoelectric Transducers
3.3.2 Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)
3.3.3 Laser (Optical) Generation and Detection of Ultrasound
3.3.4 Transducer Characteristics
3.4 INSPECTION PRINCIPLES
3.4.1 Measurements
3.4.2 Wave Generation
3.4.3 Transducer Configurations
3.4.4 Excitation Pulsers
3.4.5 Receiving the Signal
3.5 APPLICATIONS
3.5.1 Roll-by Inspection of Railroad Wheels
3.5.2 Ultrasonic Testing of Elevator Shafts and Axles (49)
3.6 ADVANCED TOPICS (OPTIONAL)
3.6.1 Interference
3.6.2 Group Velocity and Phase Velocity
3.6.3 Method of Potentials
3.6.4 Derivation of Snell’s Law: Slowness Curves
4 Magnetic Particle
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.1 Technique Overview
4.1.3 Advantages/Disadvantages
4.2 THEORY
4.2.1 Basic Magnetism
4.2.2 Magnetic Field
4.2.3 Magnetic Fields in Materials
4.2.4 Types of Magnetization
4.2.5 Magnetic Hysteresis in Ferromagnetic Materials
4.2.6 Leakage Field
4.3 TECHNIQUES/EQUIPMENT
4.3.1 Direction of Magnetization
4.3.2 Type of Magnetization Current
4.3.3 Magnetic Field Generation Equipment
4.3.4 Magnetic Particles
4.3.5 Demagnetizing the Sample
4.3.6 Condition of Parts
4.4 INSPECTION AIDS
4.4.1 Controlling Particle Suspension
4.4.2 Controlling Magnetization and System Performance
4.4.3 Avoiding Nonrelevant Indications
4.5 APPLICATIONS OF MPI
4.5.1 Steel Coil Springs
4.5.2 Welds
4.5.3 Railroad Wheels
4.6 SUMMARY
5 Eddy Current
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.1.1 Technical Overview
5.1.2 History
5.1.3 Potential of the Method
5.1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
5.2 BASIC ELECTROMAGNETIC PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO EDDY CURRENT
5.2.1 Magnetic Induction (Self and Mutual)
5.2.2 An Eddy Current Example
5.2.3 Coil Impedance
5.2.4 Phasor Notation and Impedance
5.2.5 Eddy Current Density and Skin Depth (11)
5.2.6 Maxwell’s Equations and Skin Depth (Optional)
5.2.7 Impedance Plane Diagrams
5.2.8 Impedance Plane Analysis for Tubes and Rods (Optional)
5.3 TRANSDUCERS AND MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT
5.3.1 EC Transducers (Probes)
5.3.2 Measurement Equipment
5.3.3 Actual EC Equipment
5.4 INSPECTION PRINCIPLES (20,21)
5.4.1 Impedance Plane Measurement
5.4.2 Remote Field Eddy Current (Optional) (27,28,29,30)
5.4.3 EC Calibration
5.5 APPLICATIONS
5.5.1 Remote Field Testing (35—38)*
5.5.2 Aerospace Applications*
6 Acoustic Emission
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.1.1 Technical Overview
6.1.2 Historical Perspective
6.1.3 Potential of Technique
6.2 FUNDAMENTALS
6.2.1 Sources
6.2.2 Wave Propagation
6.2.3 Measurement
6.3 ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
6.3.1 AE “Activity”
6.3.2 Feature Set Analysis
6.3.3 Waveform Analysis
6.4 SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
6.4.1 Acoustic Emission Testing of Metal Pressure Vessels
6.4.2 Impact Damage in Graphite/Epoxy Composite Pressure Vessels
6.4.3 Materials Testing-TMC Study in Composites
6.4.4 Fatigue Crack Detection in Aerospace Structures
7 Radiology
7.1 INTRODUCTION TO X-RAYS
7.1.1 History of X-Rays
7.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
7.2 RADIATION FUNDAMENTALS
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Fundamental Sources of Radiation
7.2.3 Photon Radiation in NDE
7.2.4 Non-Photons Radiation Used for NDE
7.2.5 Radiography
7.2.6 Computed Tomography (CT)
7.2.7 Radiation Transport Modeling—Monte Carlo Method
7.2.8 Dosimetry and Health Physics
7.3 EOUIPMENT FOR RADIATION TESTING
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Radiation Sources
7.3.3 Radiation Detectors
7.3.4 Collimators
7.3.5. Stages and Manipulators
7.3.6 Radiological Systems
7.4.1 Practical Considerations
7.4.2 General Measurement (Detector) Limitations
7.4.3 Film
7.4.4 Digital Radiography and Computed Tomography
7.4.5 Special Techniques
7.5 SELECTED APPLICATIONS
7.5.1 Traditional Film (Projection) Radiography
7.5.2 Digital (Projection) Radiography and Computed Tomography
7.6 RADIATION SAFETY
7.6.1 Why Is Radiation Safety Required?
7.6.2 Radiation Safety Procedures
7.6.3 Responsibilities for Safety
8 Active Thermography
8.1 INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND
8.1.1 Technique Overview
8.1.2 Historical Perspective
8.1.3 Potential of Active Thermography Techniques
8.2 BASICS OF HEAT DIFFUSION
8.2.1 Steady State Heat Flow
8.2.2 Conduction of Heat in One Dimension
8.2.3 Periodic Solutions to the Heat Conduction Equation
8.2.4 PULSED EXCITATION
8.2.5 Step Heating
8.2.6 Other Extensions
8.3 TECHNIQUES
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.2 Infrared Radiometry
8.3.3 Heating Sources
8.3.4 Making Active Thermography Measurements
8.4 SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
8.4.1 Imaging Entrapped Water Under an Epoxy Coating
8.4.2 Detection of Carbon Fiber Contaminants
8.4.3 USING INDUCTION HEATING FOR NDE OF REBAR IN CONCRETE
9 Microwave
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.1.1 Technical Overview
9.1.2 Historical Perspective
9.1.3 Potential of the Technique
9.1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
9.2 BACKGROUND
9.2.1 Material Parameters
9.2.2 Basic Electromagnetic Wave Concepts
9.3 MICROWAVE EQUIPMENT
9.4 MICROWAVE SENSORS/TECHNIQUES
9.4.1 Transmission Sensors
9.4.2 Reflection and Radar Sensors
9.4.3 Resonator Sensors
9.4.4 Radiometer Sensors
9.4.5 Imaging Sensors
9.4.6 General Remarks on Sensors
9.5 APPLICATIONS
9.5.1 Dielectric Material Characterization Using Filled Waveguides*
9.5.2 Dielectric Material Characterization Using Transmission Measurements*
9.5.3 Inspection of Layered Dielectric Composites Using Reflection Measurements*
9.5.4 Microwave Inspection Using Near-Field Probes
9.5.5 Summary and Future Trends
10 Optical Methods
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.1.1 Optical Techniques Overview
10.1.2 Historical Perspective
10.1.3 About this Chapter
10.2 THEORY
10.2.1 Basic Properties of Light
10.2.2 Interference
10.2.3 Imaging Systems
10.2.4 Holography
10.3 OPTICAL TECHNIQUES
10.3.1 Holographic Interferometry
10.3.2 Speckle Techniques
10.3.3 Structured Light
10.3.4 Photoelastic Techniques
10.3.5 Equipment
10.4 SUMMARY

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