(Ebook) Nine Theories of Religion 3rd edition by Daniel Pals 0199859094 9780199859092

(Ebook) Nine Theories of Religion 3rd edition by Daniel Pals 0199859094 9780199859092

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ISBN-10 :  0199859094 

ISBN-13 :  9780199859092 

Author:  Daniel L. Pals 

Why do human beings believe in divinities? Why do some seek eternal life, while others seek escape from recurring lives? Why do the beliefs and behaviors we typically call "religious" so deeply affect the human personality and so subtly weave their way through human society?Revised and updated in this third edition, Nine Theories of Religion considers how these fundamental questions have engaged the most important thinkers of the modern era. Accessible, systematic, and succinct, it considers the Victorian anthropology of E. B. Tylor and J. G. Frazer, the "reductionist" social science of Sigmund Freud, Émile Durkheim, and Karl Marx, the non-reductionist approaches of Max Weber, William James, and Mircea Eliade, and the alternative paradigms that have arisen from the work of E. E. Evans-Pritchard and Clifford Geertz. The third edition features a new chapter on William James. Each chapter offers biographical background, theoretical exposition, conceptual analysis, and critical assessment. Ideal as a supplementary text in introductory religion courses or as the main text in theory and method in religious studies or in sociology of religion courses, Nine Theories of Religion, Third Edition, offers an illuminating treatment of this controversial and fascinating subject. It can be used as a stand-alone text or with the author's companion reader, Introducing Religion: Readings from the Classic Theorists.

Nine Theories of Religion 3rd table of contents:

Chapter 1: Animism and Magic: E. B. Tylor and J. G. Frazer
E. B. Tylor
Primitive Culture
J. G. Frazer
The Golden Bough
Analysis
1. Science and Anthropology
2. Evolution and Origins
3. Intellectualism and Individualism
Critique
1. Anthropological Method
2. Evolutionism
3. The Individual and the Social
Notes
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 2: Religion and Personality: Sigmund Freud
Background: Freud’s Life and Work
Freudian Theory: Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious
The Personality in Conflict
Infantile Sexuality and the Oedipus Complex
Later Developments and Writings
Freud and Religion
Totem and Taboo
The Future of an Illusion
Moses and Monotheism
Analysis
1. Psychology and Religion
2. Freud’s Explanation of Religion
Critique
1. The Problem of Theistic and Nontheistic Religions
2. The Problems of Analogy and History
3. The Problem of Circularity
4. Psychoanalysis as Science
Notes
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 3: Society as Sacred: Émile Durkheim
Life and Career
Ideas and Influences
Sociology and “the Social”
The Nature of Society
The Scientific Study of Society
Politics, Education, and Morals
Previous Theories: Naturism and Animism
Australian Tribal Religion: Totemism
Society and the Totem
The Implications of Totemism
Totemism and Ritual
Piacular Rites
Conclusion
Analysis
1. Society and Religion
2. Scientific Method
3. Ritual and Belief
4. Functional Explanation
Critique
1. Assumptions
2. Evidence
3. Reductionism
Notes
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 4: Religion as Alienation: Karl Marx
Background: Marx’s Life, Activities, and Writings
Marxism: Economics and the Theory of Class Struggle
Materialism, Alienation, and the Dialectic of History
Exploitation of Labor: Capitalism and Surplus Value
Base and Superstructure
Critique of Religion
Analysis
1. Functional Explanation and Reductionism
2. Economics and Religion
Critique
1. Christianity and Religion
2. Religion, Reduction, and the Superstructure
3. Marxist Political Theory: A Contradiction
4. Marxist Economic Theory: A Contradiction
Notes
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 5: A Source of Social Action: Max Weber
Background: Family, Politics, and Scholarship
Three Tools of Sociological Inquiry
Verstehen
Ideal-Types
Values
Writings on Religion
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904–1905)
The Sociology of Religion
“The Economic Ethic of the World Religions”
Analysis
1. Weber and Durkheim
2. Weber and Marx
Critique
Consistency
Social Science and Religion
Notes
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 6: The Verdict of Religious Experience: William James
Early Life and Learning
A Personal Crisis
Harvard Career: Psychology, Religion, Philosophy
“The Will to Believe”
Defining Religion
Two Kinds of People: Healthy-Minded and Sick Souls
Saints and Saintly Lives
Mysticism
The Heart of Religious Experience
Religious Experience, Theologies, and Truth
Analysis
Psychology
Philosophy
Critique
Marginal Concerns
Core Concerns
Pragmatism, Belief, and Truth
Conclusion
Notes
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 7: The Reality of the Sacred: Mircea Eliade
Background
Eliade’s Starting Point: Two Axioms
Eliade’s Concept of Religion:
Archaic Religion: Symbol and Myth
Sky Symbolism: Sky Gods and Others
Sun and Moon
Water and Stones
Other Symbols: Earth and Fertility, Vegetation and Agriculture
The Structure and Character of Symbols
History and Sacred Time
The Revolt Against Archaic Religion: Judaism and Christianity
The Revolt Against All Religion: Modern Historicism
The Return of Archaic Religion
Analysis
1. Critique of Reductionism
2. Global Comparativism
3. Contemporary Philosophical Engagement
Critique
1. Theology
2. Historical Method
3. Conceptual Confusions
Notes
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 8: Society’s “Construct of the Heart”: E. E. Evans-Pritchard
Life and Career
Intellectual Background
Older Anthropology
French Sociology
British Empirical Anthropology
The Concept of “Kwoth”
Spirits of the Above
Spirits of the Below
Religion and Refraction in the Social Order
Symbolism
Ghosts and the Soul
Sin and Sacrifice
Analysis
Critique
1. Assessments of Other Theories
2. The “Primitive” Mind
3. The Need for Theory
Notes
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 9: Religion as Cultural System: Clifford Geertz
Life and Career
Background: American Anthropology and Social Theory
American Social Theory: Parsons and Weber
Interpretive Social Science: Principles and Precepts
Culture and Interpretation: The Method of “Thick Description”
Cultural Interpretation and Religion
Interpreting Religion: A Balinese Example
The Classical Styles of Islam
The Scripturalist Revolt
Conclusion: World View and Ethos
Analysis
1. Geertz and Other Theorists
2. The Interpretive Anthropologist
Critique
1. Anthropology as Science
2. Interpreting Religion
Notes
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 10: Conclusion
Recent Theoretical Interests
Humanist Orientations
Psychological Orientations
Sociological Orientations
Politico-Economic Orientations
Anthropological Orientations
A Final Exercise: Comparing and Appraising Theories
Theories and Definitions
Types of Theory
Range of Theories
Theories and Evidence
Theories and Personal Belief
Theorists, Theories, and Their Influence: Past and Present

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