(Ebook) Molecular Signaling in Spermatogenesis and Male Infertility 1st Edition by Rajender Singh ISBN 0367199300 9780367199302

(Ebook) Molecular Signaling in Spermatogenesis and Male Infertility 1st Edition by Rajender Singh ISBN 0367199300 9780367199302

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ISBN 10: 0367199300 
ISBN 13: 9780367199302
Author: Rajender Singh

Spermatogenesis involves the coordination of a number of signaling pathways, which culminate into production of sperm. Its failure results in male factor infertility, which can be due to hormonal, environmental, genetic or other unknown factors. This book includes chapters on most of the signaling pathways known to contribute to spermatogenesis. Latest research in germ cell signaling like the role of small RNAs in spermatogenesis is also discussed. This book aims to serve as a reference for both clinicians and researchers, explaining possible causes of infertility and exploring various treatment methods for management through the basic understanding of the role of molecular signaling. Key Features Discusses the signaling pathways that contribute to successful spermatogenesis Covers comprehensive information about Spermatogenesis at one place Explores the vital aspects of male fertility and infertility Explains the epigenetic regulation of germ cell development and fertility Highlights the translational opportunities in molecular signaling in testis

(Ebook) Molecular Signaling in Spermatogenesis and Male Infertility 1st Table of contents:

1. Primordial germ cells: Origin, migration and testicular development
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Origin of primordial germ cells
1.2.1 Molecular mechanisms during the origin of PGCs
1.3 Migration of PGCs
1.3.1 Molecular mechanisms during PGC migration
1.3.2 Migration stoppage of PGCs
1.4 Gonad and testicular development
1.4.1 Sertoli cell specification and expansion
1.4.2 Testis cord formation and compartmentalization
1.4.3 Formation of seminiferous tubules from testis cord by elongation
1.5 Conclusion and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
2. DNA methylation, imprinting and gene regulation in germ cells
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Dynamics of DNA methylation during PGC development
2.3 Mechanism and factors of DNA methylation erasure
2.4 Mechanism and factors of DNA methylation establishment
2.5 DNA methylation and histone modifications
2.6 Conclusion and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
3. Testicular stem cells, spermatogenesis and infertility
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Development of male germline cells
3.3 Testicular stem cells
3.3.1 As model for spermatogonial multiplication and stem cell renewal
3.3.2 Fragmentation model
3.3.3 Hierarchical model
3.4 Our views
3.4.1 Pluripotent very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) are the most primitive stem cells in adult mammalian testis
3.4.2 Protocols to detect VSELs in testicular tissue
3.4.3 Pluripotent VSELs in adult testes undergo asymmetrical cell divisions
3.4.4 Pluripotent VSELs provide an alternate premise to explain testicular germ cell tumors
3.5 Discussion and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
4. Testicular germ cell apoptosis and spermatogenesis
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Proliferative phase of spermatogonia
4.1.2 Entry of spermatogenic cells into meiosis
4.1.3 Spermiogenesis and attainment of the motility appendage
4.1.4 Spermatogenic wave
4.2 Germ cell apoptosis
4.2.1 Pathways of apoptosis in testis
4.2.2 Fas/FasL system: Central regulator of testicular germ cell population
4.2.3 Activation of caspase-9 via the intrinsic pathway
4.2.4 P53 and spermatogenic cell apoptosis
4.3 Executioner caspases
4.4 Apoptosis of germ cells caused by hormonal, temperature and chemical insult
4.4.1 Hormonal variations
4.4.2 Heat stress
4.5 Testicular toxicants and germ cell apoptosis
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Spermatogenesis: An overview
5.3 Germ cell regeneration and death
5.4 Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
5.5 Endocrine regulation of spermatogenesis
5.5.1 Follicle-stimulating hormone
5.5.2 Luteinizing hormone
5.5.3 Prolactin
5.5.4 Inhibin, activin and follistatin
5.5.5 Sex steroids
5.5.6 Metabolic hormones and growth factors
5.5.7 Other hormones
5.6 Sertoli cell interaction with Leydig and peritubular myoid cells
5.7 Role of hormones in spermiogenesis and spermiation
5.8 Conclusion
References
6. GH–IGF1 axis in spermatogenesis and male fertility
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Growth hormone and male reproductive system
6.2.1 Effects on development
6.2.2 Effects on steroidogenesis
6.2.3 Effects on spermatogenesis
6.2.4 Other functions and mechanisms of regulation
6.3 Effects of altered growth hormone secretion on male fertility
6.4 Therapeutic use of growth hormone for male infertility
6.5 Conclusions
References
7. Retinoic acid signaling in spermatogenesis and male (in)fertility
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Vitamin A and retinoids
7.2.1 Retinoid metabolism
7.2.2 Tissue targeting and retinoic acid signaling
7.3 Effects of RA on spermatogenesis
7.3.1 Evidence of retinoid acid effects in spermatogenesis
7.3.2 Expression of retinoids and retinoid receptors in the mammalian testis
7.3.3 RA signaling pathways in male germ cells and spermatogenesis
7.3.4 Influence of RA on sperm metabolism and oxidative stress
7.4 Abnormal RA signaling and human male infertility
7.5 Concluding remarks
References
8. Testosterone signaling in spermatogenesis, male fertility and infertility
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Testosterone production and regulation of the steroidogenic pathway
8.3 Classical and nonclassical testosterone signaling
8.3.1 Classical testosterone signaling
8.3.2 Nonclassical testosterone signaling
8.4 Estrogen signaling and testosterone
8.5 Regulation of testosterone signaling by melatonin
8.6 Melatonin and human fertility
8.7 Aberrant testosterone signaling and male infertility
8.8 Testosterone therapy for azoospermic men
8.9 Conclusion and future directions
References
9. Wnt signaling in spermatogenesis and male infertility
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Canonical Wnt signaling pathway
9.2.1 Wnt/Receptor interactions
9.2.2 Signal relay in the cytoplasm
9.2.3 Nuclear activity of β-catenin
9.3 Wnt signaling in testis determination and development
9.4 Wnt signaling in male germ cell proliferation and maturation
9.5 Role of Wnt signaling in development and maintenance of Sertoli cells
9.6 Deregulated Wnt signaling and testicular tumor
9.7 Wnt signaling in male fertility
9.8 Conclusion and future directions
References
10. MAPK signaling in spermatogenesis and male infertility
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Mitogen-activated protein kinases: An overview
10.3 Junction dynamics in spermatogenesis and its regulation
10.3.1 MAPK-ERK1/2 signaling in junction dynamics
10.3.2 MAPK-p38 in junction dynamics
10.3.3 JNK in junction dynamics
10.4 MAPK role in germ cell apoptosis
10.5 MAPKs in male infertility
10.6 Conclusion and future directions
References
11. TGF-β signaling in testicular development, spermatogenesis, and infertility
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Components of TGF-β signaling cascade
11.2.1 Ligands
11.2.2 Receptors
11.2.3 SMAD proteins
11.3 Knockout mouse studies
11.4 TGF-β superfamily action in testis
11.4.1 TGF-β signaling
11.4.2 Activin signaling
11.4.3 Glial cell–derived neurotrophic factor signaling
11.4.4 Müllerian inhibiting substance signaling
11.4.5 Bone morphogenetic protein signaling
11.5 Reproductive disorders associated with aberrant TGF-β signaling
11.5.1 Testicular cancer
11.5.2 Disrupted spermatogenesis
11.5.3 Leydig cell hyperplasia
11.5.4 Sertoli cell-only syndrome (germ cell aplasia)
11.5.5 Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome
11.6 TGF-β cross talk with other pathways
11.7 Conclusion and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
12. Notch signaling in spermatogenesis and male (in)fertility
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Notch signaling: General concepts
12.3 How crucial is Notch signaling for spermatogenetic events?
12.4 Spermatogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans and Notch signaling
12.5 Cross talk between Notch and other pathways in regulating spermatogenesis in C. elegans
12.6 Spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster
12.7 Cross talk between Notch and other pathways in D. melanogaster
12.8 Spermatogenesis in Mus musculus
12.9 Cross talk between Notch and other pathways
12.10 Male infertility due to dysregulation of Notch signaling
12.11 Concluding remarks and future perspective
Acknowledgments
References
13. Hedgehog signaling in spermatogenesis and male fertility
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Hedgehog molecules
13.3 Hedgehog signaling in mammals
13.4 Hedgehog signaling in spermatogonial stem cell proliferation and differentiation
13.5 Indirect hedgehog signaling in SSCs
13.6 Direct hedgehog signaling in SSCs
13.7 Hedgehog signaling in spermatogenesis
13.7.1 Desert hedgehog
13.7.2 Sonic hedgehog (Shh)
13.7.3 Indian hedgehog
13.8 Conclusion
References
14. mTOR signaling in spermatogenesis and male infertility
14.1 Introduction
14.2 mTOR-signaling pathway and mTOR complexes
14.3 Role of mTOR signaling in spermatogenesis
14.3.1 mTOR signaling in spermatogonial proliferation and sertoli cell polarity
14.3.2 Role of mTOR signaling in blood-testes barrier
14.4 Clinical evidence of the role of mTOR in male fertility
14.5 Conclusion
References
15. JAK-STAT pathway: Testicular development, spermatogenesis and fertility
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Model organisms for studying the JAK-STAT pathway
15.3 Components of the JAK-STAT pathway
15.3.1 Ligand molecules
15.3.2 Receptors
15.3.3 Janus kinases
15.3.4 Signal transducer for activation of transcription
15.3.5 Regulators of the JAK-STAT pathway
15.4 JAK-STAT signaling in gonad development
15.4.1 Germline sexual development in Drosophila melanogaster
15.5 JAK-STAT pathway and spermatogenesis
15.5.1 Drosophila testis stem cell niche
15.5.2 Intercellular communications
15.5.3 Role of JAK-STAT in maintenance of stem cell niche
15.5.4 Integration of signaling pathways for stem cell maintenance
15.6 JAK-STAT pathway in human sperm capacitation
15.7 JAK-STAT pathway in sperm motility
15.8 Conclusions and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
16. PI3K signaling in spermatogenesis and male infertility
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)
16.3 Catalytic subunit (p110) role in male fertility
16.3.1 p110α isoform in spermatogenesis
16.3.2 p110β isoform in spermatogenesis
16.4 Regulation of self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells
16.4.1 Self-renewal of SSCs
16.4.2 SSC differentiation
16.5 FOXO1: Molecular switch between self-renewal and differentiation
16.6 PI3K/Akt in sperm motility
16.7 PI3K in human infertility
16.8 Conclusion
References
17. Spermatogenesis, heat stress and male infertility
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Heat stress
17.3 Interactions of heat shock proteins and heat shock factors
17.4 Effects of moderate heat stress
17.5 Discussion and future directions
17.6 Conclusion
References
Index

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Tags: Rajender Singh, Molecular, Signaling