(Ebook) Measuring heavy metal contaminants in cannabis and hemp 1st Edition by Robert J Thomas ISBN 1003004156 9781003004158

(Ebook) Measuring heavy metal contaminants in cannabis and hemp 1st Edition by Robert J Thomas ISBN 1003004156 9781003004158

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ISBN 10: 1003004156 
ISBN 13: 9781003004158
Author: Robert J Thomas

The surge of interest in cannabis-based medicinal products has put an extremely high demand on testing capabilities, particularly for contaminants such as heavy metals, which are naturally taken up through the roots of the plants from the soil, growing medium, and fertilizers but can also be negatively impacted by the grinding equipment and extraction/distillation process. Unfortunately, many state regulators do not have the necessary experience and background to fully understand all the safety and toxicological issues regarding the cultivation and production of cannabis and hemp products on the market today. Measuring Heavy Metal Contaminants in Cannabis and Hemp offers a comprehensive guide to the entire cannabis industry for measuring elemental contaminants in cannabis and hemp. For testing labs, it describes fundamental principles and practical capabilities of ICP-MS and other AS techniques for measuring heavy metals in cannabis. For state regulators, it compares maximum contaminant limits of heavy metals with those for federally regulated pharmaceutical materials. For cultivators and processors, it helps them to better understand the many sources of heavy metals in cannabis. And for consumers of medical cannabis, it highlights the importance of choosing cannabis products that are safe to use. Other key topics include: The role of other analytical techniques for the comprehensive testing of cannabis products Tips to optimize analytical procedures to ensure the highest quality data Guidance on how to characterize elemental contaminants in vaping liquids and aerosols Suggestions on how to reduce errors using plasma spectrochemistry The role of certified reference materials to validate standard methods Easy-to-read sections on instrumental hardware components, calibration and measurement protocols, typical interferences, routine maintenance, and troubleshooting procedures Written with the cannabis testing community in mind, this book is also an invaluable resource for growers, cultivators, processors, testers, regulators, and even consumers who are interested in learning more about the potential dangers of heavy metal contaminants in cannabis and hemp.

(Ebook) Measuring heavy metal contaminants in cannabis and hemp 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1 The Importance of Testing Cannabis: An Overview of the Analytical Techniques Used
How Is Cannabis Being Used?
Cannabis or Marijuana?
The Role of Analytical Chemistry
Sampling Protocol for Cannabis in the Field
Sample Preparation of Cannabis Plant Materials and Cannabis-Derived Products
Heavy Metals and ICP-MS
Organic Compounds in Cannabis
Pesticides
Potency: Cannabinoids
Terpenes
Microbiology
Mycotoxins
Residual Solvents
Determination of Origin of Growth of Cannabis Using IRMS
Biological Sample Analysis: Forensic Toxicology
The Determination of THC in the Breath of Motorists
Final Thoughts
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
Chapter 2 Importance of Measuring Elemental Contaminants in Cannabis and Hemp
Main Factors for Metal Uptake from Soil
Lead
Mercury
Cadmium
Arsenic
Cobalt
Nickel
Chromium
Vanadium
Manganese
Other Elements of Concern
Elemental Species/Metalloids
Metallic Nanoparticles
State-Based Heavy Metal Limits
Potential of “Real-World” Sources of Elemental Contaminants in Cannabis
Outdoor Growing Sources
Indoor Growing Sources
Manufacturing/Processing Sources
The Smoking/Inhaling of Cannabis
Testing Procedures
Laboratory Testing Protocols
A Word about Hemp Regulations
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 3 What the Cannabis Industry Can Learn from Pharmaceutical Regulations
Elemental Impurities in Pharmaceuticals: A Historical Perspective
The Process for Change
USP Implementation Process
Validation Procedures
Toxicity Classification
How Are PDEs Calculated?
Cadmium PDE—Oral Exposure
Cadmium PDE—Inhalation Exposure
Potential Sources of Elemental Impurities in Drug Compounds
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 4 An Overview of ICP Mass Spectrometry
Principles of Operation
Chapter 5 Principles of Ion Formation
Ion Formation
Natural Isotopes
Chapter 6 ICP-MS Sample Introduction
Aerosol Generation
Droplet Selection
Nebulizers
Concentric Design
Cross-Flow Design
Microflow Design
Spray Chambers
Double-Pass Spray Chamber
Cyclonic Spray Chamber
Aerosol Dilution
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 7 Plasma Source
The Plasma Torch
Formation of an ICP Discharge
The Function of the RF Generator
Ionization of the Sample
Further Reading
Chapter 8 Interface Region
Capacitive Coupling
Ion Kinetic Energy
Benefits of a Well-Designed Interface
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 9 Ion-Focusing System
Role of the Ion Optics
Dynamics of Ion Flow
Commercial Ion Optic Designs
Further Reading
Chapter 10 Mass Analyzers: Quadrupole Technology
Quadrupole Technology
Basic Principles of Operation
Quadrupole Performance Criteria
Resolution
Abundance Sensitivity
Benefit of Good Abundance Sensitivity
Further Reading
Chapter 11 Mass Analyzers: Double-Focusing Magnetic Sector Technology
Magnetic Sector Mass Spectroscopy: A Historical Perspective
Use of Magnetic Sector Technology for ICP-MS
Principles of Operation of Magnetic Sector Technology
Resolving Power
Other Benefits of Magnetic Sector Instruments
Simultaneous Measurement Approach Using One Detector
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 12 Mass Analyzers: Time-of-Flight Technology
Basic Principles of TOF Technology
Commercial Designs
Differences between Orthogonal and On-Axis TOF
Benefits of TOF Technology for ICP-MS
Rapid Transient Peak Analysis
Improved Precision
Rapid Data Acquisition
High-Speed Multielemental Imaging Using Laser Ablation Coupled with TOF ICP-MS
Laser Ablation Laser Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 13 Mass Analyzers: Collision/Reaction Cell and Interface Technology
Basic Principles of Collision/Reaction Cells
Different Collision/Reaction Cell Approaches
Collisional Mechanisms Using Nonreactive Gases and Kinetic Energy Discrimination
Reaction Mechanisms with Highly Reactive Gases and Discrimination by Selective Bandpass Mass Filtering
Dynamic Reaction Cell
Low Mass Cut-Off Collision/Reaction Cell
“Triple Quadrupole” Collision/Reaction Cell
M/S Mode
MS/MS Mode
On-Mass MS/MS Mode
Mass Shift MS/MS Mode
The Collision/Reaction Interface
Using Reaction Mechanisms in a Collision Cell
The “Universal” Cell
Detection Limit Comparison
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 14 Ion Detectors
Channel Electron Multiplier
Faraday Cup
Discrete Dynode Electron Multiplier
Extending the Dynamic Range
Filtering the Ion Beam
Using Two Detectors
Using Two Scans with One Detector
Using One Scan with One Detector
Extending the Dynamic Range Using Pulse-Only Mode
Simultaneous Array Detectors
Further Reading
Chapter 15 Peak Measurement Protocol
Measurement Variables
Measurement Protocol
Optimization of Measurement Protocol
Multielement Data Quality Objectives
Data Quality Objectives for Single-Particle ICP-MS Studies
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 16 Methods of Quantitation
Quantitative Analysis
External Standardization
Standard Additions
Addition Calibration
Semiquantitative Analysis
Isotope Dilution
Isotope Ratios
Internal Standardization
Further Reading
Chapter 17 Review of ICP-MS Interferences
Spectral Interferences
Oxides, Hydroxides, Hydrides, and Doubly Charged Species
Isobaric Interferences
Ways to Compensate for Spectral Interferences
Mathematical Correction Equations
Cool/Cold Plasma Technology
Collision/Reaction Cells
High-Resolution Mass Analyzers
Matrix Interferences
Compensation Using Internal Standardization
Space Charge-Induced Matrix Interferences
Further Reading
Chapter 18 Routine Maintenance
Sample Introduction System
Peristaltic Pump Tubing
Nebulizers
Spray Chamber
Plasma Torch
Interface Region
Ion Optics
Roughing Pumps
Air Filters
Other Components to Be Periodically Checked
The Detector
Turbomolecular Pumps
Mass Analyzer and Collision/Reaction Cell
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 19 Sampling and Sample Preparation Techniques
Sample Preparation Procedures as Described in USP Chapter <233>
Grinding Solid Samples
Cryogenic Grinding
Collecting the Sample
Typical Sampling Procedures for Cannabis
Sample Dissolution
Reasons for Dissolving Samples
Digested Sample Weights
Microwave Digestion Considerations
Why Use Microwave Digestion
Choice of Acids
Commercial Microwave Technology
Digestion Strategies for Cannabis
Fundamental Principles of Microwave Digestion Technology
Sequential Systems
Rotor-Based Technology
Single Reaction Chamber Technology
Nitrogen-Pressurized Caps
Sampling Procedures for Mercury
Reagent Blanks
Final Thoughts
References
Chapter 20 Performance and Productivity Enhancement Techniques
Laser Ablation
Commercial Laser Ablation Systems for ICP-MS
Excimer Lasers
Benefits of Laser Ablation for ICP-MS
Optimum Laser Design Based on the Application Requirements
193  nm Laser Technology
Flow Injection Analysis
Electrothermal Vaporization (ETV)
Chilled Spray Chambers and Desolvation Devices
Water-Cooled and Peltier-Cooled Spray Chambers
Ultrasonic Nebulizers
Specialized Microflow Nebulizers with Desolvation Techniques
Direct Injection Nebulizers
Productivity Enhancing Techniques
Faster Analysis Times
Automated In-Line Autodilution and Autocalibration Systems
Automated Sample Identification and Tracking Systems
Further Reading
Chapter 21 Coupling ICP-MS with Chromatographic Separation Techniques for Speciation Studies
HPLC Coupled with ICP-MS
Chromatographic Separation Requirements
Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEC)
Reversed-Phase Ion Pair Chromatography (RP-IPC)
Column Material
Isocratic or Gradient Elution
Sample Introduction Requirements
Optimization of ICP-MS Parameters
Compatibility with Organic Solvents
Collision/Reaction Cell or Interface Capability
Optimization of Peak Measurement Protocol
Full Software Control and Integration
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 22 A Practical Guide to Reducing Errors and Contamination Using Plasma Spectrochemistry
Understanding Data Accuracy and Precision
Estimating Error
Types of Errors
Standards and Reference Materials
Using Standards and Reference Materials
Calibration Curves
Dynamic Range, Concentration & Error
Laboratory Sources of Error & Contamination
Sources of Laboratory Contamination & Error
Water Quality
Reagents
Laboratory Environment and Personnel
General Principles and Practices
Further Reading
Chapter 23 The Importance of Laboratory Quality Assurance
Commercial Reference Materials
Alternate Reference Materials
Quality Assurance Programs
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 24 Measurement of Elemental Constituents of Cannabis Vaping Liquids and Aerosols by ICP-MS
Vaping Liquid Solvent: The Nature of the Sample
Choice of Liquid Solution Containers
Microwave Digestion of Vaping Oils
Liquid Sample Containers and Aerosol Collection Materials
Vaping Machines and Trapping Materials
Preparing for Analysis
What Analytes Are Appropriate for Regulatory Purposes?
ICP-MS Instrumentation
Introduction Systems and Optimization
Single Quadrupole-Specific Parameters
“Triple Quadrupole”-Specific Parameters
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 25 Fundamental Principles, Method Development Optimization and Operational Requirements of ICP-Optical Emission
Basic Definitions
Principles of Emission
Atomic and Ionic Emission
Instrumentation
Sample Introduction
Aerosol Generation
Nebulizers
Spray Chambers
Torches
Spectrometers
Fore Optics
Optical Designs
Detectors
Historical Perspective
Photomultiplier Tubes
Photodiode Arrays
Charge Transfer Devices
Charge-Coupled Devices
Charge-Injection Devices
Analytical Performance
Dependence on Environmental Operating Conditions
Exhaust Requirements
Electrical Requirements
Temperature and Pressure Requirements
Maintenance
Dependence on Plasma Operating Conditions
RF Power
Plasma Gases
Pump Settings
Plasma Viewing Height
Precision and Accuracy
Detection Limits
Limit of Quantitation
Background Equivalent Concentration
Sensitivity
Method Development Considerations
Analytical Wavelength Considerations
Interferences
Physical Interferences
Chemical Interferences
Spectral Interferences
Data Acquisition
Method Validation
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 26 Atomic Absorption and Atomic Fluorescence
Flame AAS
Advantages of FLAAS
FLAAS Interferences and Their Control
Disadvantages of FLAAS
Graphite Furnace AAS
GFAAS Interferences and Their Control
Advantages of GFAAS
Disadvantages of GFAAS
Vapor Generation AAS
Advantages of Cold Vapor AAS
Disadvantages of Cold Vapor AAS
Hydride Generation AAS
Advantages of Hydride Generation AAS
Disadvantages of Hydride Generation AAS
Hyphenated Techniques
Atomic Fluorescence
Advantages and Disadvantages of AFS
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 27 Other Traditional and Emerging Atomic Spectroscopy Techniques
X-Ray Fluorescence
XRF Instrumental Configuration
Quantitation by XRF
XRF Detection Limits
Sample Preparation for XRF
X-Ray Diffraction
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
LIBS Fundamental Principles
LIBS Capabilities
LIBS Application Areas
LIBS Detection Capability
LIBS on Mars
Microwave-Induced Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy
Basic Principles of the MP-AES Technology
Benefits of MP-AES
Typical Applications of MP-AES
Laser Ablation Laser Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Basic Principles LALI-TOFMS
Matrix Effects
Diffusion and Transport
Interferences
Transmission Efficiency
Inorganic and Organic Analysis
Operational Use
User Interface
Performance Capabilities
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 28 What Atomic Spectroscopic Technique Is Right for Your Lab?
Flame Atomic Absorption
Electrothermal Atomization
Hydride/VAPOR Generation AA
Atomic Fluorescence
Radial ICP-OES
Axial ICP-OES
ICP-MS
Comparison Highlights
Demands of the Cannabis Industry
Suitability of Technique
Relationship between LOQ and J-Value
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 29 Do You Know What It Costs to Run Your AS System?
Gases
Electricity
Consumables
Cost per Sample
Running Costs of Atomic Fluorescence
Final Thoughts
Further Reading
Chapter 30 How to Select an ICP Mass Spectrometer: Some Important Analytical Considerations
Evaluation Objectives
Analytical Performance
Detection Capability
Precision
Isotope Ratio Precision
Accuracy
Dynamic Range
Interference Reduction
Reduction of Matrix-Induced Interferences
Sample Throughput
Transient Signal Capability
Single-Particle ICP-MS Transient Signals
Usability Aspects
Ease of Use
Routine Maintenance
Compatibility with Productivity and Performance Enhancing Tools
Installation of Instrument
Technical Support
Training
Reliability Issues
Service Support
Financial Considerations
The Evaluation Process: A Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 31 Glossary of Terms Used in Atomic Spectroscopy
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Glossary
Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) Glossary
Atomic Absorption and Atomic Fluorescence
Other Atomic Spectroscopy Techniques
Chapter 32 Useful Contact Information
Index

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