(Ebook) Lennette s Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections 4th Edition by Keith R Jerome ISBN 1420084968 9781420084962

(Ebook) Lennette s Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections 4th Edition by Keith R Jerome ISBN 1420084968 9781420084962

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ISBN 10: 1420084968 
ISBN 13: 9781420084962
Author: Keith R Jerome

Written from the perspective of the diagnostician, this bestselling book is the definitive text on the laboratory diagnosis of human viral diseases. It contains a wealth of illustrations, tables, and algorithms to enhance your understanding of this ever-evolving field. The book is a ready reference for virologists, microbiologists, epidemiologists, laboratorians, and infections disease specialists, and students.

(Ebook) Lennette s Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections 4th Table of contents:

1. Verification and Validation of Virological Laboratory Tests in the Routine Diagnostic Laboratory
Introduction
Quality Assurance/Quality Control
Verification and Validation of Tests or Test Systems Employed in the Routine Laboratory
Minimum Requirements for Verification of IVD/CE-Labeled and/or FDA-Approved Tests or Test Systems for Detection of Virus-Specific Antibodies, Viral Antigens, or NAT
Minimum Requirements for Validation of a Laboratory-Developed Test or Test System for Detection of Virus-Specific Antibodies, Viral Antigens, or NAT
Issues Regarding Introduction of a Laboratory-Developed NAT Assay
Further Considerations Regarding Validation of a Laboratory-Developed Test or Test System
Validation of Isolation of Viruses on Cell Cultures
Conclusion
References
2. Statistical Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests
Introduction
Evaluating Binary Tests
Classification Probabilities
Predictive Values
Other Measures of Test Performance
Comparing Binary Tests
Evaluating Continuous Tests
The ROC Curve
Summary Measures of the ROC Curve
Other Measures of Test Performance
Comparing Continuous Tests
Indeterminate Test Results
Study Design Issues
Phases of Study
Components of Study Design
Issues Beyond the Scope of this Chapter
References
3. Molecular Amplification Methods in Diagnostic Virology
Introduction
Cycling Amplification Technologies
The Polymerase Chain Reaction
Conventional PCR Detection Methods
Real-Time PCR Detection
Nested PCR Formats
Multiplex PCR Formats
Quantitative PCR
Other Target Amplification Methods
Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification
Transcription-Mediated Amplification
Strand Displacement Amplification
Rolling Circle Amplification
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
Probe Amplification Methods
Ligase Chain Reaction
Cycling Probe Technology
Signal Amplification Methods
Branched DNA
Hybrid Capture
Hybridization Protection Assay
Discovery of Unknown Viruses
Virus-Discovery-cDNA-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
Pan-Viral DNA Microarrays
Random PCR Amplification and High-Throughput Sequencing
Limitations of Molecular Amplification Methods in Diagnostic Virology
Conclusion
References
4. Viral Genotyping and the Sequencing Revolution
Introduction
Viral Mutation
Definition of Genotypes
Recombination
Phylogenetic Analysis
Genotyping Methodology: Traditional Techniques
Traditional Sequencing Methods
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
PCR and Genotype-Specific Primers
Reverse-Phase Hybridization
Heteroduplex Mobility Analysis
Genotyping Methodology: New Techniques
Mass Spectrometry
Microarrays
Mass Sequencing by Synthesis
Pyrosequencing
Ultradeep Pyrosequencing
Illumina Genome Analyser
Applications of Genotyping
Disease Pathogenesis
Response to Therapy
Viral Quasispecies Analysis
Antiviral Resistance Detection
Viral Discovery
Molecular Epidemiology
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5. Design of Molecular Virologic Tests
Introduction
Biological Sources of Sequence Variability
Goals of Testing and Testing Methodology
Molecular Testing Challenges
Strategies for Selection of Potential Target Sequences
Sources of Viral Sequence Data
Curated Viral Sequence Databases
Other Public Sequence Databases
Sequence Analysis
Assessing Sequence Quality
Multiple Sequence Alignment
Creating a Representative Sequence Set
Outliers
Accurately Representing Population Structure
Interpreting Sequence Heterogeneity
Other Bioinformatic Tools
Addressing Unavoidable Genetic Heterogeneity in the Assay Design
Conclusion
References
6. Microarray Detection of Viruses
Introduction to Nucleic Acid Microarrays
Microarray Formats Used for Diagnostics
Amplification and Labeling Methods
Microarray Substrates and Probe Synthesis
Solid-Phase Microarray Detection
Resequencing Arrays
Flow-Through and 3D/4D Microarrays
Suspension Microarray Detection
Universal Microarrays
Regulatory Approval of Diagnostic Assays Utilizing Microarray
Quality Control, Assurance, and Proficiency
Examples Where Microarrays Have Proved Useful in Viral Detection and Diagnosis
Blood-Borne Virus Screening
Broad Respiratory Virus Detection
Assays Using Solid-Phase Arrays
Assays Using Suspension Microarray
Interpretation of Microarray Results for Respiratory Viruses
Viral Central Nervous System Infections
Detection of and Differentiation Between Herpesviruses
Detection and Differentiation Between Poxviruses and Herpesviruses
Enteric Virus Infections
Analysis of Viral Serotypes, Variants, and Genotypes by Array
Human Papillomavirus-Type Differentiation
Analysis of Blood-Borne Viruses by Microarrays
Analysis of HBV
Analysis of HCV
Analysis of HIV
Respiratory Virus Analysis and Tracking Using Microarrays
IFV Subtyping and Strain Identification
Influenza B Strain Identification
Analysis of Respiratory Virus “Serotype” by Nucleic Acid Array
Picronavirus Serotyping
ADV Serotyping
Analysis of SARS and Other hCoVs
Detection and Analysis of Hantaviruses
Analysis of Enteric Virus Infections by Microarray
Astroviruses
Rotaviruses
Measles Genotyping
VZV Genotyping
Smallpox Analysis
Conclusion
References
7. Virus Isolation
Introduction
Conventional Cell Culture
Types of Cell Cultures
Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
Inoculation and Incubation
Microscopic Examination of Cell Culture Monolayers
Hemadsorption
Definitive Identification of Viral Isolates
Viruses Isolated in Cell Cultures
Adventitious Agents Contaminating Cell Cultures
Discovery of Novel Agents
Advantages and Disadvantages of Virus Isolation in Traditional Cell Culture Tubes
Rapid Culture Methods
Centrifugation Culture (Shell Vial Technique)
Mixed Cell Cultures and Monoclonal Antibody Pools
Genetically Modified Cell Lines
Cryopreserved Cells
Summary
References
8. Diagnosis by Viral Antigen Detection
Introduction
Theoretical Aspects of Antigen and Antibody Interaction
Antigen
Basic Kinetics of Immunoassays
Description of Viral Antigen Detection Assays
Detection of Viral Antigen by Immunofluorescence
Direct and Indirect IFA Procedure
Detection of Viral Antigen by Radioimmunoassay
Detection of Viral Antigen by Enzyme Immunoassay Systems
Cyto-Enzyme Immunoassay (Cyto-EIA)
Direct and Indirect Cyto-EIA Procedures
Quantitative Enzyme Immunoassay
Solid-Phase Enzyme Immunoassay Procedures
Avidin-Biotin Systems
Latex Agglutination Assay for Detection of Viral Antigen
Detection of Viral Antigen by Membrane-Based EIA
Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic Assays
Optical Immunoassay
Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassay
Protein Arrays
Multiplex Assays
Nanotechnology-Based Viral Diagnostic Assays
Factors Affecting Immunoassays
Specimen Collection
Antibody
Conjugates
Fluorescence Microscopy
Solid-Phase Supports
Enzyme
Substrates
Nonspecific Reactions
Immunological Nonspecificity
Method Nonspecificity
Fixation and Fixatives
Mounting Media
Automation
Reporting of Diagnostic Immunoassay Results
Disclaimer
References
9. Serologic Tests in Clinical Virology
Introduction
Antibody Response to Viral Infections
Procedures for Detecting Antiviral Antibodies
Specimen Collection and Handling
Solid-Phase Immunoassays
Immunofluorescence Assays
Agglutination Assays
Passive Latex Agglutination and Passive Hemagglutination
Hemagglutination Inhibition
Complement Fixation
Neutralization
Immunoblotting
IgG Avidity Assays
Multiplexed Microsphere Immunoassays
IgM Antibody Determination
Automation
Interpretation of Serology Results
References
10. Surgical Pathology and Diagnostic Cytology of Viral Infections
Introduction
Specimen Preparation and Division
Histopathology Vs. Cytopathology
Subdivision of Specimens
General Keys to the Detection of Viruses in Tissues
Histologic and Cytologic Features of Infection with Specific Viruses
DNA Viruses
Adenovirus
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein–Barr Virus
Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella Zoster Virus
Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8
Human Papillomavirus
Parvovirus
Polyomavirus
Poxvirus
RNA Viruses
Enteroviruses
Human Retroviruses
Influenza and Parainfluenza Virus
Measles Virus
Mumps Virus
Rabies Virus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Rubella Virus
Systemic Pathologies Associated with Diverse Viral Groups
Arbovirus Encephalitis
Gastroenteritis Viruses
Hepatitis Viruses
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Emerging Viral Infections
Acknowledgments
References
11. Electron Microscopy of Viral Infections
Introduction
Methods
Negative Staining
Stains and Staining Characteristics
Support Films
Virus Concentration
Immunoaggregation
Sample Storage
Virus Morphology in Negative Stains
Thin Sectioning
Procedures
Virus Morphology in Thin Sections
Clinical Specimens
Stool
Rotavirus
Adenovirus
Norwalk Virus and Other Caliciviruses
Astrovirus
Small Round Viruses and Small Round Structured Viruses
Enteroviruses and Other Picornaviruses
Hepatitis Viruses
Coronavirus and Coronavirus-Like Particles (CVLP)
Other Viruses Reported in Stool
Urine
Blister Fluid
Blood/Serum
Nasopharyngeal Fluids, Lung Lavages, Pleural Effusions
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Other Fluids
Tissues
Liver
Lung and Bronchoalveolar Cells
Central Nervous Tissue (Brain, Meninges)
Intestine, Stomach, and Esophagus
Skin
Kidney
Other Tissues
EM in Emerging Viral Diseases and Bioterrorism Surveillance
Cell Cultures
Monitoring
Procedures
Confusing Structures
Safety
Conclusion
References
12. Laboratory Diagnosis of Viruses in Resource-Limited Settings
Blood-Borne Viruses
HIV
Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus
Blood Bank Screening for Viruses
Respiratory Viruses
Influenza Virus
Gastrointestinal-Associated Viruses
Viruses Associated with Gastroenteritis
Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus
Poliovirus
Mucocutaneous Viruses
Herpes Simplex Virus
Varicella Zoster Virus
Oncogenic Viruses
Epstein–Barr Virus
Human Papilloma Virus
Childhood Viral Illnesses: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella
Arthropod-Borne Viruses
General Considerations of Laboratory Practice
Conclusions
References
13. Antiviral Therapy
Introduction
Therapy for Respiratory Virus Infections
Influenza
Amantadine, Rimantadine: The Adamantanes
Zanamivir, Oseltamivir: The Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Ribavirin
Therapy of Herpes Viruses
Acyclovir, Valacyclovir
Penciclovir, Famciclovir
Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir
Cidofovir
Foscarnet
Trifluridine
Therapy for Hepatitis Viruses
Lamivudine
Adefovir
Tenofovir
Entecavir
Telbivudine
Interferons
Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Zidovudine, Didanosine, Stavudine, Lamivudine, Abacavir, Tenofovir, Emtrictabine
Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Nevirapine, Delvirdine, Efavirenz, Etravirine
Protease Inhibitors: Saquinivir, Ritonavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Atazanivir, Fosamprenavir, Tipranavir, Darunavir
New Classes: Enfuviritide, Maraviroc, Raltegravir
Conclusion
References
14. Common Viral Infections of Childhood
Introduction
Pathogens and Specific Syndromes
Congenital Viral Infections
Clinical Presentation and Viral Agents
Rubella
HSV
CMV
VZV
Parvovirus B19
References
15. Respiratory Virus Infections
Introduction
Clinical Syndromes
The Common Cold
Pharyngitis
Acute Otitis Media
Croup (Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis)
Tracheobronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Viral Agents
RNA Viruses
Rhinoviruses and Other Picornaviruses
Coronaviruses
Orthomyxoviruses (Influenza Viruses)
Paramyxoviruses
DNA Viruses
Adenoviruses
Herpes Viruses
Epidemiology
Rhinovirus and Other Picornaviruses
Coronavirus
Parainfluenza Viruses
Respiratory Syncytial Virus

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