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0 reviewsRegarding the early split between the Shia (Ali) and Sunni (A'isha), the author noted: "Muslims experienced what Islam had clearly forbidden: civil wars" (p.27). It's simply amazing how many of the Righteously Guided caliphs, the sahaba interlopers, and members of the Prophet's own family failed to understand Mohammad's Religion of Peace: so many of his early peaceniks grabbed swords to resolve their theological disputes - I'm sure they were wrong while author Marranci is correct. [To understand how the `Misunderstanders of Islamic Peace' got it wrong, one needs to consult Robert Spencer's "The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam."] The author wrote: "My argument is that without reconsidering what human identity might be, we cannot discuss the meaning that jihad might have for my respondents.... [The 9/11 hijackers] martyred themselves and murdered innocent people because they [jihadists] felt they were Muslim" (p.31). But, they `felt' the wrong teachings of Islam, the author would argue. The author discusses `touchy feely' remarks from other philosophers, such as Hume and Locke, and interesting thoughts about `personhood' and ponders are we `products of nurture or nature?' in trying to find the `Muslim identity,' which may be impacted by the honour-shame complex felt by Arabs of not being able to defeat the Israelis. Essentially, the author argues that there can be `bad Muslims' engaging in aggressive warfare against infidels, but there is no `bad Islam' that would `justify' offensive attacks against a `non-threatening' dhimmi populace. Nonetheless, an interesting read from a `Lecturer' in the Anthropology of Religion, School of Divinity and Religious Studies, at the University of Aberdeen.