(Ebook) GNSS Applications and Methods 1st Edition by Scott Gleason, Demoz Gebre egiabher 1596933291 9781596933293

(Ebook) GNSS Applications and Methods 1st Edition by Scott Gleason, Demoz Gebre egiabher 1596933291 9781596933293

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ISBN 10: 1596933291 
ISBN 13: 9781596933293
Author: Scott Gleason, Demoz Gebre egiabher

(Ebook) GNSS Applications and Methods 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Present and Future
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Current and Planned GNSS Constellations
1.1.2 GNSS User Architectures
1.1.3 Current GNSS Applications
1.1.4 Positioning Performance Measures
1.2 GNSS Signal Improvements
1.2.1 Additional GPS Frequencies
1.2.2 Higher Accuracy Ranging
1.2.3 Longer Ranging Codes
1.2.4 Higher Transmit Power Levels
1.3 Advanced Receiver Technology
1.3.1 Conventional Receivers
1.3.2 FPGA-Based Receivers
1.3.3 Software-Defined GNSS Receivers
1.4 Road Map: How To Use This Book
1.5 Further Reading
References
Chapter 2 GNSS Signal Acquisition and Tracking
2.1 Introduction
2.2 GNSS Signal Background
2.2.1 BOC Signal Modulation
2.2.2 PRN Codes
2.3 Searching for PSK Signals
2.4 Tracking PSK Signals
2.4.1 Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)
2.4.2 Frequency-Locked Loop (FLL)
2.4.3 Delay-Locked Loop (DLL)
2.5 Searching for BOC Signals
2.6 Tracking BOC Signals
2.6.1 BOC Tracking Using a Single Sideband (SSB)
2.6.2 BOC Tracking with Multiple-Gate Discriminators (MGD)
2.6.3 BOC Tracking with the Bump-Jumping (BJ) Algorithm
2.6.4 BOC Tracking with the Dual Estimator (DE)
References
Chapter 3 GNSS Navigation: Estimating Position, Velocity, and Time
3.1 Overview
3.2 Position, Velocity, and Time (PVT) Estimation
3.2.1 Estimating Receiver Position and Clock Bias
3.2.2 Impact of Ionosphere Errors
3.2.3 Impact of Satellite-User Geometry (DOP)
3.2.4 Estimating Receiver Velocity and Clock Drift
3.2.5 Estimating Time
3.2.6 PVT Estimation Using an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)
3.2.7 Enhanced Accuracy via Carrier Phase Positioning
3.2.8 Error Sources
3.3 GNSS Simulator
3.3.1 GNSS Simulator Measurement Details
3.3.2 GNSS Simulator Interface Files
3.3.3 Postprocessing GNSS Simulator Output Files
3.4 GNSS Simulator Examples
3.4.1 Example 1: Simple Navigation
3.4.2 Example 2: Traveling Between Destinations
3.4.3 Example 3: Waypoint Navigation Using FlightGear
3.4.4 Example 4: Dual-Frequency Calculation
3.4.5 Example 5: Adding Galileo Satellites
3.4.6 Example 6: Spacecraft-Based Receiver
3.5 Summary
3.6 Programs and Tools Provided on the DVD
References
Chapter 4 Differential GNSS: Accuracy and Integrity
4.1 Introduction to DGNSS
4.2 Fundamentals of Differential GNSS
4.2.1 Error Sources and Degree of Spatial Correlation
4.2.2 Local Versus Regional DGNSS Corrections and DGNSS Networks
4.2.3 Means of Distributing DGNSS Corrections
4.2.4 Managing the Latency of DGNSS Corrections
4.3 DGNSS Integrity Threats and Mitigations
4.3.1 Integrity Threats and GNSS Faults
4.3.2 Integrity Threats from DGNSS System Faults
4.3.3 Integrity Threats from Signal Propagation Anomalies
4.4 Summary
4.5 Data Provided on the DVD
References
Chapter 5 A GPS Software Receiver
5.1 Introduction and Background
5.2 License, Development Environments, and Tools
5.2.1 License
5.2.2 GNU/Linux
5.2.3 Microsoft Windows
5.2.4 Apple Mac OS X
5.2.5 Displaying the Receiver Output
5.3 Example Data Sets
5.3.1 Data Set 1
5.3.2 Data Set 2, for Use with WAAS Corrections Data
5.4 Using the fastgps Software Receiver
5.4.1 Configuration File
5.4.2 Output Files
5.5 fastgps Software Receiver Architecture
5.5.1 Timing and Clock Management
5.5.2 Main Processing Loop
5.5.3 Acquisition
5.5.4 Tracking
5.5.5 Navigation
5.6 Suggested Future Improvements
5.7 Further Reading
References
Chapter 6 Integration of GNSS and INS: Part 1
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Inertial Navigation
6.2.1 Inertial Sensors
6.2.2 Coordinate Frames
6.2.3 Mechanization Equations
6.2.4 System Initialization
6.2.5 INS Error Model
6.3 GNSS/INS Integration Concepts
6.3.1 Motivation for GNSS/INS Integration
6.3.2 Integration Architecture Overview
6.3.3 Loose GNSS/INS Integration
6.3.4 Tight GNSS/INS Integration
6.3.5 Deep GNSS/INS Integration
6.4 Filtering/Estimation Algorithms
6.4.1 Overview of Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) for GNSS/INS
6.4.2 Time Evolution of a GNSS/INS System
6.5 GNSS/INS Integration Implementation
6.5.1 IMU Sensor Error Models
6.5.2 GNSS/INS Integration: Step-by-Step
6.6 Practical Considerations
6.6.1 Lever Arm
6.6.2 Timing Requirements
6.7 Summary and Further Reading
References
Chapter 7 Integration of GNSS and INS: Part 2
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Case Study 1: Low-Cost GNSS/INS Integrated Navigator
7.3 Case Study 2: Vehicle Sideslip Estimation
7.3.1 Motivation
7.3.2 Observability
7.4 Case Study 3: INS To Aid High-Accuracy GNSS
7.4.1 GNSS Ambiguity-Resolution Overview
7.4.2 Benefits of INSs to Ambiguity Resolution
7.5 Software Examples
References
Chapter 8 Integrated LADAR, INS, and GNSS Navigation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 LADAR-Based TERRAIN Integration Methodology
8.3 LADAR-Based Terrain-Referenced Position Estimation
8.3.1 Position Estimate and SSE Surface
8.3.2 Exhaustive Grid Search
8.3.3 Gradient-Based Search
8.4 Estimation of Inertial Velocity Error
8.5 Case Studies of TERRAIN System Performance
8.5.1 Case Study I—General Positioning System
8.5.2 Case Study II—Precision Approach Guidance System
References
Chapter 9 Combining GNSS with RF Systems
9.1 Location System Alternatives
9.2 RF Location Types and Classifications
9.2.1 Location by Proximity
9.2.2 Location by Radio Direction Finding (DF) and Angle of Arrival (AOA)
9.2.3 Location Using Doppler Frequency
9.2.4 Location Estimation Using Signal Strength
9.2.5 Location Using Time, Phase, and Differential Timing of Arrival (TOA,POA, and TDOA)
9.3 Estimation Methods
9.3.1 Deterministic Estimation Using Triangulation
9.3.2 Deterministic Estimation Using Nearest Neighbor
9.3.3 Nonranging-Based Location Estimation
9.3.4 Probabilistic Estimation Using Centroid/Center of Mass
9.3.5 Bayesian State Estimation
9.4 Integration Methods
9.4.1 Least-Squares Integration
9.4.2 Kalman Filter Integration
9.4.3 Contextual Processing
9.5 Example Systems
9.5.1 Pseudolites
9.5.2 Synchrolites
9.5.3 Self-Synchronizing Networks
9.5.4 GPS and Relative Navigation
9.5.5 TV-Based Location
9.5.6 Integration of Cellular Location Systems and GNSS
9.6 Examples Included on the DVD
9.6.1 RF Antennas
9.6.2 Doppler Calculations
9.6.3 K-Nearest Neighbor Plot
9.7 Further Reading
References
Chapter 10 Aviation Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classes of Aviation Augmentation Systems
10.3 Benefits of GPS and Augmentations to Aviation Users
10.3.1 Oceanic Flight
10.3.2 Overland Flight: En Route, Terminal, and Nonprecision Approach
10.3.3 Precision Approach and Landing
10.4 Future of GNSS Navigation in Aviation
10.4.1 GNSS Modernization
10.4.2 Next-Generation Air Traffic Management System (NextGen)
10.4.3 Backup Navigation Capabilities for Aviation
10.5 Functionality of Aviation Augmentation Systems
10.5.1 Augmentation System Performance Requirements
10.5.2 Error Bounding Under Nominal Conditions
10.5.3 Error Bounding Under Anomalous Conditions
10.5.4 Monitoring
10.6 Conclusion
10.7 Further Reading
References
Chapter 11 Integrated GNSS and Loran Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Loran Overview
11.2.1 Loran-C
11.2.2 eLoran
11.3 Theory of Operation
11.4 Historical Reasons for GNSS/Loran Integration
11.5 Integration Scenarios
11.5.1 Position-Domain Integration
11.5.2 Range-Domain Integration
11.5.3 De´ja` Vu Navigation: A Case Study of Range-Domain Integration
11.5.4 Integrity with Range-Domain Integration
11.5.5 Improved Accuracy for Loran Integrity
11.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Indoor and Weak Signal Navigation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Signal Processing Considerations Related to Weak Signals
12.2.1 Acquisition of Weak Signals
12.2.2 Clock Stability and Integration Times
12.2.3 Tracking of Weak Signals
12.2.4 Cross-Correlation and Interfering Signals
12.2.5 Multipath Mitigation
12.2.6 Benefits of Future GNSS
12.3 Aiding Possibilities and Supportive Systems
12.3.1 Assistance
12.3.2 Supportive Systems for GNSS
12.4 Navigation Algorithms for Difficult Signal Conditions
12.4.1 Constraints on User Motion
12.4.2 Map Matching
12.4.3 Adaptive Algorithms
12.5 Quality and Integrity Monitoring
12.5.1 Introduction to Integrity Monitoring
12.5.2 Reliability Testing
12.5.3 Weighted Least-Squares Notation
12.5.4 Residuals and Redundancy
12.5.5 Global Test
12.5.6 Local Test
12.5.7 Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis
12.5.8 Parameters for Fault Detection and Exclusion
12.5.9 Multiple Outliers
12.5.10 Fault Detection and Exclusion in Kalman Filtering
12.5.11 Quality Control
12.5.12 The Practical Side of Quality Control
12.6 Examples Included on the DVD
12.6.1 Example 1: Acquisition of Weak Signals
12.6.2 Example 2: Fault Detection and Exclusion
12.7 Summary
12.8 Further Reading
References
Chapter 13 Space Applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Operational Considerations
13.2.1 Spacecraft Velocity
13.2.2 Orbit Geometry
13.2.3 Antenna Direction
13.2.4 Size and Power
13.2.5 Multipath
13.2.6 Signal Strength
13.2.7 Environment
13.3 Applications
13.3.1 Precise Orbit Determination
13.3.2 Real-Time Navigation
13.3.3 Formation Flying and Proximity Operations
13.3.4 Remote Sensing
13.3.5 Attitude Determination
13.3.6 High-Altitude GNSS
13.3.7 Launch, Entry, and Landing
13.4 GNSS Modernization
13.5 Example: Processing Raw Measurements from the GRACE Satellite
13.6 Summary
References
Chapter 14 Geodesy and Surveying
14.1 Introduction and Background
14.1.1 GNSS Surveying
14.1.2 GNSS Geodesy
14.2 Technical Overview
14.2.1 The Data Models and Processing Strategies of GNSS Geodesy and Surveying
14.2.2 Mathematical Models
14.2.3 Baseline Processing
14.2.4 Network Processing for Positioning
14.3 GNSS Ground Infrastructure—Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) Networks
14.3.1 The IGS Infrastructure
14.3.2 National CORS Infrastructure
14.4 Surveying and Geodesy Applications and Operational Modes
14.4.1 GNSS Surveying
14.4.2 GNSS Geodesy
14.5 The Future: The Next-Generation GNSS
14.5.1 The Benefits of More Satellites and Signals
14.5.2 Improvements to the GNSS Infrastructure
14.5.3 Applications and the Future
References
Chapter 15 Atmospheric Sensing Using GNSS Occultations
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Occultation Measurements
15.3 Atmospheric Retrievals
15.3.1 Derivation of Bending Angle Profiles
15.3.2 Ionospheric Calibration
15.3.3 Derivation of Atmospheric Profiles
15.4 Weather and Climate Applications
15.5 Recent Advances
15.6 Scripts and Data Included on the DVD
15.7 Further Reading
References
Chapter 16 Remote Sensing Using Bistatic GNSS Reflections
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 General Discussion of Traditional Remote Sensing
16.1.2 Remote Sensing Using Reflected GNSS Signals
16.2 Reflection Geometry
16.2.1 Estimating the Surface Reflection Point Location
16.2.2 Delay and Doppler Spreading over the Surface
16.3 Signal Processing
16.3.1 Detection and Surface Mapping
16.3.2 Averaging Consecutive Correlations
16.3.3 Delay Waveforms and Delay Doppler Maps
16.4 Remote Sensing Theory
16.4.1 Bistatic Surface Scattering
16.4.2 The Bistatic Radar Cross Section
16.4.3 Sea Surface Modeling
16.4.4 Bistatic Scattering from Land
16.4.5 Bistatic Scattering from Sea Ice
16.5 Ocean Altimetry
16.5.1 Motivation
16.5.2 Aircraft Altimetry Measurements
16.5.3 GNSS Ocean Altimetry from Space
16.6 Ocean Wind and Wave Sensing
16.6.1 Aircraft Wind and Wave Measurements
16.6.2 Wave Sensing from Spacecraft
16.7 GNSS Bistatic Land and Ice Sensing
16.7.1 The History and Applications of GNSS Land Reflections
16.7.2 Spacecraft-Detected Land Reflections
16.7.3 The History and Applications of GNSS Ice Reflections
16.7.4 Spacecraft-Detected Sea Ice Reflections
16.8 Data Provided on the DVD
16.8.1 Specular Point Calculation Scripts
16.8.2 Surface Scattering Model
16.8.3 Spacecraft Data and Processing Tools
16.9 Further Reading
References
Chapter 17 New Navigation Signals and FutureSystems in Evolution
17.1 The History of GNSS
17.1.1 GPS
17.1.2 Modulation of Satellite Carrier Signals
17.2 Motivation for Evolution
17.2.1 Main Concept of Operation for Galileo
17.3 New Modulation Opportunities
17.3.1 Existing Spreading Symbol—BPSK Modulation
17.3.2 Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) Modulation
17.3.3 Multiplex BOC Modulation
17.3.4 Composite BOC Modulation
17.3.5 Time Multiplex BOC Modulation
17.3.6 Other Spreading Symbol Modulation Options
17.3.7 Alternative BOC (AltBOC) Modulation
17.4 Signal Multiplex Techniques
17.4.1 QPSK
17.4.2 Interplex
17.4.3 Other Techniques
17.5 Interference
17.5.1 Performance Metrics
17.5.2 Spectral Separation Coefficients (SSC)
17.6 Listing of Proposed Systems and Signal Characteristics
17.6.1 Global CDMA Satellite Navigation Systems I: GPS
17.6.2 Global CDMA Satellite Navigation Systems II: Galileo
17.6.3 Global CDMA Satellite Navigation Systems III: COMPASS

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