(Ebook) Traceable Temperatures 2nd Edition by JV Nicholas, DR White ISBN 9780471492917 0471492914

(Ebook) Traceable Temperatures 2nd Edition by JV Nicholas, DR White ISBN 9780471492917 0471492914

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Product details:

ISBN 10: 0471492914
ISBN 13: 9780471492917
Author: JV Nicholas, DR White 

(Ebook) Traceable Temperatures 2nd Edition Table of contents:

1.1 Introduction
1.2.1 What is a measurement?
1.2.2 Measurement scales
1.2.3 The problem of definition and the importance of purpose
1.2.4 Decision, risk and uncertainty
1.3 Temperature
1.3.1 The evolution of the temperature scale
1.3.2 Thermodynamic temperature
1.3.3 Meteorological temperatures
1.4.1 Defining traceability
1.4.2 Achieving traceability
1.5.1 The Metre Convention
1.5.2 The SI units and conventions
1.6 Documentary Standards
1.7 Laboratory Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025
1.8 National Measurement System
Thermodynamic measurements
General reading on temperature measurement

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Risk, Uncertainty and Error
2.3 Distributions, Mean and Variance
2.3.1 Discrete distributions
2.3.2 Continuous distributions
2.4 The Normal Distribution
2.5 Experimental Measurements of Mean and Variance
2.6 Evaluating Type A Uncertainties
2.6.1 Evaluating uncertainties of single-valued quantities
2.6.2 The Student’s distribution
2.6.3 Evaluating uncertainties for distributed quantities
2.7 Evaluating Type B Uncertainties
2.7.1 Identification and recording of influences
2.7.2 Theoretical evaluations
2.7.3 Evaluations based on single subsidiary measurements
2.7.4 Evaluations based on data provided from other sources
2.7.5 Evaluations based on intuition and experience
2.8 Combining Uncertainties
2.9 Propagation of Uncertainty
2.10 Correlated Uncertainties
2.11 Interpolation
2.11.1 Lagrange interpolation
2.11.2 Propagation of uncertainty
2.11.3 Interpolation error
2.11.4 Other interpolations
2.12 Least-squares Fitting
2.12.1 Propagation of uncertainty
2.13.1 Application to non-normal distributions
2.13.3 The nature of confidence intervals
2.14.1 How many decimal places?
2.14.2 Presentation of uncertainty statements
Propagation of uncertainty with interpolation

3.1 Introduction
3.2.2 The triple point of water – defining the unit
3.2.3 Using the triple-point cell
3.2.4 The ice point
3.3.2 The metal fixed points
3.3.3 The cryogenic triple points
3.3.4 The cryogenic vapour-pressure points
3.3.5 Platinum resistance thermometry
3.3.6 Radiation thermometry
3.3.7 Cryogenic thermometry
3.4 The Propagation of Uncertainty on ITS-90
Precision thermometry and a description of the physics of temperature measurement

4.1 Introduction
4.2.1 Conduction
4.2.2 Convection
4.2.3 Radiation
4.3.1 Thermal conductivity
4.3.2 Heat capacity
4.4.1 Immersion errors
4.4.2 Heat capacity errors
4.4.3 Settling response errors
4.4.4 Lag errors with steadily changing temperatures
4.4.5 Radiation errors and shielding
4.5 Models and Methods
4.5.1 Electrical analogue models
4.5.2 Composite systems
4.5.3 Temperature in non-equilibrium situations
4.5.4 Immersion revisited
4.5.5 Time constants revisited
4.5.6 Guarding
4.5.7 Temperature control
Thermal effects in temperature measurement

5.1 Introduction
5.2.1 What is a calibration?
5.2.2 What is not a calibration?
5.3.1 The thermometer under test
5.3.2 The client’s needs
5.3.3 Establishing the link to the SI
5.3.4 Assessing the uncertainty
5.3.5 Reliability and generic history
5.3.6 Recalibration and specific history
5.4.2 Calibration procedures
5.4.3 Uncertainty analysis and best measurement capability
5.4.5 Calibration certificates
5.5.1 Collating the information
5.5.2 A calibration procedure
5.5.3 Rising-temperature comparisons
5.5.4 Example: Calibration of a short-range working thermometer
5.5.5 Fixed-temperature comparisons
5.5.6 Example: Calibration of a reference thermometer
Further Reading

6.1 Introduction
6.2.2 The effects of temperature on resistance
6.2.3 The effects of impurities on resistance
6.3.1 Electrical properties of platinum thermometers
6.3.2 Construction of platinum thermometers
6.3.4 Partially supported platinum thermometers
6.3.5 Fully supported platinum thermometers
6.3.7 Sheathing
6.4 Resistance Measurement
6.4.1 General principles
6.4.2 Two-, three- and four-lead measurements
6.4.3 D.C. resistance measurement
6.4.4 A.C. resistance measurement
6.4.5 Verification and calibration of resistance bridges
6.5.1 Immersion errors
6.5.3 Radiation errors
6.5.4 Self-heating
6.5.5 Mechanical shock and vibration
6.5.6 Thermal expansion effects
6.5.8 Contamination
6.5.9 Compensation and assessment of drift
6.5.10 Leakage effects
6.5.11 A.C. leakage effects
6.5.12 Electromagnetic interference
6.5.13 Lead-resistance errors
6.5.14 Thermoelectric effects
6.5.15 Reference resistor stability and accuracy
6.6.1 Choosing and using a thermometer
6.6.2 Care and maintenance
6.7.1 Calibration equations
6.7.2 Calibration at fixed points
6.7.3 Calibration by least squares
6.7.4 A calibration procedure
6.8.1 Thermistors
6.8.3 Rhodium–iron thermometer
Standard platinum resistance thermometry
Resistance measurement

7.1 Introduction
7.2.1 Solid-stem thermometers
7.2.2 Enclosed-scale thermometers
7.3.1 Time constant effects
7.3.3 Pressure effects
7.3.4 Bulb hysteresis and drift
7.3.7 Separated columns
7.3.8 Errors in reading
7.3.9 Immersion errors
7.3.10 Scale errors
7.4 Choice and Use of Liquid-in-glass Thermometers
7.4.1 Range and type
7.4.2 Acceptance
7.4.3 Etching and engraving
7.4.5 Organic liquids
7.4.7 Transport
7.5.1 Short-range calibrations
7.5.2 Calibration of reference and general-purpose thermometers
7.5.3 Outline of a liquid-in-glass calibration procedure
Further Reading

8.1 Introduction
8.2.1 The Peltier effect
8.2.3 The Seebeck effect
8.2.4 Exploiting the Seebeck effect to measure temperature
8.3 Thermocouple Types
8.3.1 Standard thermocouple types
8.3.2 Rare-metal thermocouples
8.3.3 Base-metal thermocouples
8.3.4 Non-standard thermocouples
8.4.1 Junctions
8.4.2 Joins
8.4.3 Extension leads and compensating leads
8.4.4 Sheaths and thermowells
8.4.5 Mineral-insulated metal sheaths
8.5.1 Reference junctions
8.5.2 Instrument types
8.5.3 Thermocouple calibrators
8.5.4 Alternative thermocouple circuits
8.6 Errors in Thermocouples
8.6.2 Inhomogeneity errors
8.6.5 Interference errors
8.7 Choice and Use of Thermocouples
8.7.1 Selection of thermocouple type
8.7.3 Assembly
8.7.4 Inhomogeneity tests
8.8 Calibration
8.8.2 Calibration
8.8.3 Rare-metal thermocouple calibration
Thermocouple theory
Calibration

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Blackbodies and Blackbody Radiation
9.3 Spectral Band Thermometers
9.4 Errors in Spectral Band Thermometry
9.4.1 Errors in emissivity
9.4.2 Reflection errors
9.4.3 Absorption errors
9.4.5 Non-thermal emission
9.4.7 Size-of-source effects
9.4.9 Vignetting
9.5.1 Choosing a radiation thermometer
9.5.3 Using the thermometer
9.6.1 Blackbody principles
9.6.2 Ice-point blackbody
9.6.3 Errors in blackbodies
9.7.1 Calibration methods
9.7.2 Calibration equations
9.7.3 Tungsten strip lamps
9.7.4 Calibrating a radiation thermometer
9.8.2 The ratio thermometer
9.8.3 Multi-spectral radiation thermometers
9.8.4 Total radiation thermometers
9.8.5 Special-purpose thermometers for plastic and glass
9.8.6 Fibre-optic thermometers

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Tags: JV Nicholas, DR White, Traceable Temperatures