(Ebook) Dairy Production and Processing The Science of Milk and Milk Products 1st Edition by John R Campbell, Robert T Marshall ISBN 9781478611202 1478611200

(Ebook) Dairy Production and Processing The Science of Milk and Milk Products 1st Edition by John R Campbell, Robert T Marshall ISBN 9781478611202 1478611200

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ISBN 10: 1478611200
ISBN 13: 9781478611202
Author: John R Campbell, Robert T Marshall

(Ebook) Dairy Production and Processing The Science of Milk and Milk Products 1st Edition Table of contents:

Chapter 1 - The Nutritional Contributions of Milk to Humans

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The Composition of Milk

1.3 Milk as the Most Nearly Complete Food

1.3.1 Nutrients of Milk

1.3.2 Supplementary Value of Milk

1.4 The Roles of Milk and Milk Products in Daily Life

1.4.1 Incompatibilities of Milk and Humans

1.5 Measuring Milk Consumption and Utilization

1.6 Comparative Efficiency of Producing Milk

1.7 Summary

Study Questions

Notes

References

Chapter 2 - The Dairy Industry

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Factors Influencing the Dairying Industry Worldwide

2.2.1 The Cosmopolitan Cow

2.3 Development of the Dairy Industry in the United States

2.3.1 Early Dairy Practices

2.3.2 Education and Research

2.3.3 Technology

2.3.4 Management Information

2.4 Milk Production in the United States

2.5 Main Branches of the Dairy Industry in the United States

2.5.1 Fluid Milk

2.5.2 Cheese

2.5.3 Frozen Dairy Desserts

2.5.4 Butter

2.5.5 Dry Milk Products

2.6 Importance of the Dairy Industry to the US Economy

2.6.1 Export and Import of Dairy Products

2.6.2 Exports of Dairy Animals

2.7 World Production of Milk

2.8 Sustainability of Dairy Agriculture

2.9 Summary

Study Questions

Notes

References

Websites

For Further Study

Chapter 3 - Breeds of Dairy Cattle

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Origins of Dairy Cattle

3.3 What Is a Dairy Breed?

3.4 Ayrshire

3.4.1 History and Development

3.4.2 Breed Characteristics

3.5 Brown Swiss

3.5.1 History and Development

3.5.2 Breed Characteristics

3.6 Guernsey

3.6.1 History and Development

3.6.2 Breed Characteristics

3.7 Holstein–Friesian

3.7.1 History and Development

3.7.2 Breed Characteristics

3.7.3 Red-and-White Holsteins

3.8 Jersey

3.8.1 History and Development

3.8.2 Breed Characteristics

3.9 Milking/Dairy Shorthorn

3.9.1 History and Development

3.9.2 Breed Characteristics

3.10 Red and White

3.10.1 History and Development

3.10.2 Breed Characteristics

3.11 Why Purebreds?

3.11.1 To Sell Breeding Stock

3.11.2 Pride of Ownership

3.11.3 To Maintain Breed Purity

3.11.4 Purebred Dairy Cattle Association

3.12 Choosing a Dairy Breed

3.12.1 Personal Preference

3.12.2 Economic Issues

3.12.3 Physical Traits of Various Breeds

3.13 Summary

Study Questions

Notes

References

Websites

Chapter 4 - Dairy Herd Records

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Brief History of Production Testing

4.3 Benefits of Production Testing

4.3.1 Production Testing of Registered Dairy Cows

4.4 The DHI System

4.4.1 National Dairy Herd Improvement Association

4.4.2 National Cooperative Dairy Herd Improvement Program

4.4.3 Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory

4.4.4 Memorandum of Understanding

4.5 How a Typical DHIA Operates

4.5.1 Testing Periods and Intervals

4.5.2 Devices for Quantifying Milk Produced

4.5.3 DHIA Testing Plans

4.5.4 Costs of DHI Testing

4.5.5 Unofficial Testing

4.5.6 How DHIA Records Are Processed

4.6 Standardizing Milk Production Records

4.6.1 DHIA 305D Projection Factors

4.6.2 Predicted Transmitting Ability

4.6.3 Mature Equivalency

4.6.4 Frequency of Milking

4.6.5 Fat-Corrected Milk

4.6.6 Energy-Corrected Milk Ratings

4.6.7 Linear Somatic Cell Count Score

4.6.8 Merit Value (Net, Cheese, or Fluid)

4.7 Dairy Production Records

4.7.1 Using Dairy Production Records

4.7.2 DairyMetrics©

4.7.3 Identification of Dairy Cattle

4.7.4 Health Records

4.7.5 Other Aspects of Records

4.8 Summary

Study Questions

Notes

References

For Further Study

Chapter 5 - Evaluating Dairy Cattle

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Evaluating the Physical Characteristics of Dairy Cattle

5.3 Parts of the Dairy Cow

5.4 True-Type Dairy Cows

5.5 Studying the Scorecard

5.5.1 Udder

5.5.2 Dairy Strength

5.5.3 Frame

5.5.4 Feet and Legs

5.6 Type Classification

5.7 Heritability of Type Traits

5.7.1 Total Performance Index

5.7.2 Using Registration to Promote Genetic Progress

5.8 Type and Productive Longevity

5.9 Show-Ring Judging

5.9.1 To Touch or Not to Touch the Udder

5.9.2 Should Production Affect Show Placings?

5.9.3 Evaluating Dairy Bulls

5.10 Summary

Study Questions

Notes

References

Websites for Judging Dairy Cattle

Chapter 6 - Breeding Dairy Cattle

6.1 Introduction

6.2 A Brief History of Genetic Selection in Dairying

6.2.1 Role of Computers in Breeding

6.3 Genetic-Economic Indexes

6.3.1 Achieving Goals Using Indexes

6.3.2 What Does the Future Hold?

6.4 Genomics

6.4.1 Genomic Evaluations

6.4.2 Early Restrictions to Genomic Testing

6.5 Genetic Evaluation Using Sire Indexes

6.5.1 Daughter Average

6.5.2 Daughter-Dam Difference

6.5.3 Herdmate Comparison

6.5.4 Predicted Difference

6.5.5 Modified Contemporary Comparisons

6.5.6 Best Linear Unbiased Prediction Procedures

6.6 Genetic Evaluation Using Other Tools

6.6.1 Difference from Herdmates

6.6.2 Estimated Average Transmitting Ability1

6.6.3 Equal-Parent Index

6.6.4 Parent Average

6.7 Selecting Dairy Females

6.7.1 Selecting Dairy Heifers

6.7.2 Selecting for Longevity

6.8 Evaluating Breeding Value of Dairy Bulls

6.8.1 Sire Lists

6.8.2 Predicted Transmitting Ability for Type

6.8.3 Interpretation of Sire Summaries

6.8.4 Sire Summary Limitations

6.9 Heritability Estimates

6.9.1 Heritability and Genetic Progress

6.10 Keys to Genetic Progress in Breeding Dairy Cattle

6.10.1 Accuracy of Selection

6.10.2 Intensity of Selection

6.10.3 Genetic Variation

6.10.4 Generation Interval

6.10.5 Number of Traits for Which Selection Is Made

6.11 Mating Systems for Dairy Cattle

6.11.1 Inbreeding

6.11.2 Outbreeding

6.11.3 Crossbreeding

6.11.4 Grading Up

6.12 Methods of Producing Desired Offspring

6.12.1 Genetic Mating Service

6.12.2 Sexed Semen in Dairy Cattle Breeding

6.12.3 Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer

6.12.4 Inheritance and Environment

6.13 Summary

6.14 Caveats

Study Questions

Notes

References

Websites

For Further Study

Chapter 7 - Dairy Herd Replacements

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The Need for Dairy Herd Replacements

7.2.1 Freemartins

7.3 Determining the Best Method of Replacement

7.3.1 Raising Dairy Herd Replacements

7.3.2 Purchasing Dairy Herd Replacements

7.3.3 Contract Raising of Dairy Heifers

7.3.4 Leasing Dairy Cows

7.4 Contributions of Colostrum to Calves

7.4.1 A Provider of Antibodies to Newborn Calves

7.4.2 Pathogens Found in Colostrum

7.4.3 Colostrum, Gamma Globulin (IgG), Serum Protein, and Mortality

7.5 Alternatives to Fresh Milk for Calves

7.5.1 Milk Replacers

7.5.2 Milk Enhancers

7.6 Early Weaning and Once-a-Day Feeding

7.6.1 Early Weaning

7.6.2 Calf Starter

7.6.3 Automated Calf Feeding

7.7 First Breeding of Dairy Heifers

7.7.1 Age

7.7.2 Genetic Factors

7.7.3 Economic Factors

7.8 Diseases of Calves

7.8.1 Infectious Diseases

7.8.2 Noninfectious Diseases

7.9 Dehorning and Removing Extra Teats

7.10 Summary

Study Questions

Notes

References

Websites

For Further Study

Chapter 8 - Feeding Dairy Cattle

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Animal Uses of Nutrients

8.2.1 Maintenance

8.2.2 Growth

8.2.3 Pregnancy

8.2.4 Milk Production

8.3 The Mysterious Vital Rumen

8.4 Providing Energy for Dairy Cattle

8.4.1 Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

8.4.2 Gross Energy (GE)

8.4.3 Digestible Energy (DE)

8.4.4 Metabolizable Energy (ME)

8.4.5 Net Energy (NE)

8.5 Providing Protein for Dairy Cattle

8.5.1 A Sample Calculation

8.5.2 The Effects of Under- and Overfeeding Protein

8.5.3 Feeding Urea

8.5.4 Liquid Feed Supplements

8.5.5 Supplementation of Specific Amino Acids

8.6 Providing Lipids for Dairy Cattle

8.7 Energy and Protein Deficits in High Production

8.7.1 Appetite Is Important

8.8 Feeding High Levels of Concentrates

8.8.1 Costs Associated with Feeding High Levels of Concentrates

8.8.2 Effect of Concentrate/Forage Ratio on Milkfat Production

8.9 Providing Minerals for Dairy Cattle

8.9.1 Macroelements

8.9.2 Microelements (Trace)

8.10 Providing Vitamins for Dairy Cattle

8.10.1 Vitamin A

8.10.2 Vitamin D

8.10.3 Vitamin E

8.10.4 Vitamin K

8.10.5 B Vitamins

8.10.6 Biotin

8.10.7 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

8.11 Providing Water

8.12 Guidelines for Profitable Feeding

8.12.1 Testing and Program Development

8.12.2 The Economics of Profitable Feeding

8.12.3 Forage as the Foundation of Dairy Rations

8.13 Feeding Silage

8.13.1 Feeding Hay and Silage

8.13.2 Newer Methods of Handling Hay

8.13.3 Feeding Haylage

8.13.4 Complete Rations

8.14 Agricultural Chemicals and Feed

8.15 Summary

Study Questions

Notes

References

For Further Study

Chapter 9 - Physiology of Reproduction in Dairy Cattle

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Parts of the Male Reproductive Tract

9.3 Parts of the Female Reproductive Tract

9.4 Forming an Egg

9.5 Fertilization and Gestation

9.6 Parturition

9.7 Postpartum Mating

9.8 Detecting Estrus

9.8.1 Heat Detection Aids

9.8.2 Estrus Synchronization

9.9 Importance of Timing in Conception

9.10 Reproductive Efficiency

9.10.1 Retained Placentas and Breeding Efficiency

9.10.2 Health and Nutrition of Cows and Breeding Efficiency

9.10.3 Milk Production and Breeding Efficiency

9.10.4 Cow Density and Reproductive Efficiency

9.11 Reproductive Irregularities

9.11.1 Short Estrous Cycles

9.11.2 Anestrus

9.11.3 Nymphomania

9.12 Breeding Problems and Genetic Progress

9.13 Reproductive Biotechnologies

9.14 Summary

Study Questions

Notes

References

Websites

Chapter 10 - Physiology of Lactation

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Growth and Development of Mammary Glands

10.3 Circulatory Aspects of Milk Secretion

10.3.1 Lymphatic System

10.4 How Milk Is Made

10.4.1 Protein

10.4.2 Lactose

10.4.3 Fat

10.4.4 Minerals

10.4.5 Vitamins

10.4.6 Water

10.5 How Milk Is Discharged (Excreted)

10.6 Milk Letdown

10.6.1 Effect of Adrenalin on Milking

10.7 Residual (Complementary) Milk

10.8 Hormonal Control of Lactation

10.8.1 Prolactin

10.8.2 Thyroxine

10.8.3 Growth Hormone (Somatotropin)

10.8.4 Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF)

10.8.5 Epidermal Growth Factors (EGF)

10.8.6 Parathyroid Hormone

10.8.7 Adrenal Hormones

10.8.8 Other Related Growth Factors

10.8.9 Hormones Found in Milk

10.9 Merits and Limitations of Rapid Milking

10.9.1 Factors Affecting Milking Rates

10.10 Intensity and Persistency of Lactation

10.10.1 Age

10.10.2 Season

10.10.3 Pregnancy

10.10.4 Residual Milk

10.10.5 Nursing

10.10.6 Disease

10.11 Marathon Milking

10.12 Regression (Involution) of Mammary Glands

10.12.1 Drying Off Cows

10.13 Merits of a Dry Period

10.14 Immune Milk

10.15 Summary

Study Questions

Notes

References

Chapter 11 - Principles of Milking and Milking Equipment

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Principles of Milk Withdrawal

11.2.1 Nursing

11.2.2 Hand Milking

11.2.3 Mechanical Milking

11.3 Preparing the Cow for Milking

11.4 Milking Rate

11.5 Importance of Fast Milking

11.6 The Function of Vacuum in Milking

11.7 Overmilking

11.8 Pulsation

11.9 Narrow-Bore versus Wide-Bore Teat Cup Liners

11.10 Machine Stripping

11.11 Teat Cup Flooding

11.12 Pipeline Milking Systems

11.13 The Four-Way Milking Cluster

11.14 Robotic (Automatic) Milking Systems

11.15 Bulk Milk Cooling and Storage

11.16 Clean and Sanitary Milking Equipment

11.17 Maintenance of Milking Equipment

11.18 Summary

Study Questions

Notes

References

Websites

Chapter 12 - Milking Facilities, Housing, and Equipment

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Milking Parlors

12.2.1 Stanchion Barns

12.2.2 Walk-Through or Step-Up Parlors

12.2.3 Herringbone Stalls

12.2.4 Parallel Parlors

12.2.5 Swing-Over Parlors

12.2.6 Side-Opening Stalls

12.2.7 Rotary Parlors

12.2.8 Polygon Milking Parlors

12.2.9 Unilactor

12.2.10 Complying with Sanitary Standards

12.3 Dairy Cattle Housing and Shelter

12.3.1 Free Stalls

12.3.2 Bedding

12.3.3 Heat Stress

12.3.4 Additional Dairy Farm Facilities

12.4 Feeding Systems

12.5 Disposing of Dairy Wastes

12.5.1 Methods of Manure Disposal

12.5.2 Solid Manure Handling

12.5.3 Liquid Manure Handling

12.5.4 Environmental Impact

12.6 Summary

Study Questions

Notes

References

Websites

Chapter 13 - Dairy Herd Health

13.1 Introduction

13.1.1 Health Organizations

13.2 The Veterinarian and Herd Health

13.3 Vaccination and Herd Health

13.4 Diseases Affecting Reproduction

13.4.1 Brucellosis

13.4.2 Leptospirosis

13.4.3 Trichomoniasis

13.4.4 Vibriosis

13.4.5 Q Fever

13.4.6 Metritis and Pyometra

13.4.7 Retained Placentas

13.5 Metabolic Diseases of Dairy Cows

13.5.1 Parturient Paresis (Milk Fever)

13.5.2 Ketosis (Acetonemia)

13.5.3 Grass Tetany (Hypomagnesemia)

13.5.4 Indigestion

13.6 Nutritional Diseases

13.6.1 Bloat

13.6.2 Fescue Foot

13.7 Respiratory Infections

13.7.1 Bovine Respiratory Synctial Virus (BRSV)

13.7.2 Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)

13.7.3 Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease Complex (BVD-MD)

13.7.4 Parainfluenza-3 (PI-3)

13.7.5 Hemorrhagic Septicemia (Shipping Fever)

13.8 Anaplasmosis (Rickettsemia)

13.9 Blackleg (Black Quarter)

13.10 Cowpox (Vaccinia)

13.11 Displaced Abomasum

13.12 Foot Rot (Necrotic Pododermatitis)

13.13 Hardware Disease

13.14 Lumpy Jaw (Actinomycosis)

13.15 Pinkeye (Infectious Conjunctivitis)

13.16 Tuberculosis and Paratuberculosis

13.17 Warts (Verrucae)

13.18 Winter Dysentery (Winter Diarrhea)

13.19 External Parasites

13.19.1 Lice

13.19.2 Mange (Barn Itch)

13.19.3 Ringworm

13.20 Internal Parasites

13.20.1 Cattle Grubs (Heel Flies)

13.20.2 Tapeworms and Roundworms

13.20.3 Lungworms

13.21 Poisoning

13.21.1 Lead

13.21.2 Hydrocyanic Acid (Prussic Acid)

13.21.3 Nitrates and Nitrites

13.21.4 Moldy Feeds

13.21.5 Chemical Sprays

13.22 Summary

Study Questions

Notes

References

Websites

Chapter 14 - Bovine Mastitis

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Causes of Mastitis

14.2.1 Development of Bacterial Infection

14.3 Physical Response to Bacterial Invasion

14.4 Characteristics of Major Types of Mastitis

14.4.1 Infections by Streptococcus agalactiae

14.4.2 Infections by Staphylococcus aureus

14.4.3 Infections by Nonagalactiae Streptococci

14.4.4 Infections by Mycoplasma Species

14.4.5 Other Types of Mastitic Infections

14.5 Susceptibility to Infection

14.6 Environmental Factors That Influence the Incidence of Mastitis

14.7 Detecting Mastitis

14.7.1 California Mastitis Test

14.7.2 Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Counts

14.7.3 Culture Testing

14.7.4 Electronic Counters in a Laboratory Setting

14.8 Mastitis Therapy

14.8.1 Antibiotic Treatments

14.8.2 Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing

14.8.3 Storage and Labeling of Antibiotics

14.9 Prevention of Mastitis

14.9.1 Reducing the Incidence of Exposure

14.9.2 Promoting the Effectiveness of the Immune System

14.9.3 Reducing Physical Injury

14.10 Bacteria Counts Associated with Mastitis

14.11 Decision Tree for Treatment of Mastitis

14.12 Summary

Study Questions

References

Websites

Chapter 15 - Dairy Beef

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Nutrient Profile of Lean Beef

15.3 Breeding and Crossbreeding for Dual Purposes

15.4 Slaughter and Consumption Trends

15.5 Veal Production

15.6 Finishing Systems

15.7 Carcass Yield

15.8 Meat Quality

15.9 Summary

Study Questions

References

Websites

Chapter 16 - Water Buffalo

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Major Breeds and Countries

16.3 Buffalo Milk and Its Products

16.3.1 Composition of Buffalo Milk

16.3.2 Buffalo Milk Products

16.4 Milk Production

16.4.1 Lactation and Milk Yield

16.4.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Buffalo Udder and Teat

16.4.3 Physiology of Milking

16.4.4 Induction of Milk Letdown

16.4.5 Machines for Milking Buffaloes

16.5 Reproductive Aspects

16.6 Feeding Water Buffalo

16.7 Diseases of Special Significance

16.8 Parasites

16.9 Supporting Organizations

16.10 Summary

Study Questions

References

Websites

Chapter 17 - Dairy Goats

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Major Dairy Goat Breeds of the United States

17.2.1 Alpine (French Alpine)

17.2.2 Nubian

17.2.3 Saanen

17.2.4 Toggenburg

17.2.5 LaMancha

17.2.6 Sable

17.2.7 Nigerian Dwarf

17.2.8 Oberhasli

17.2.9 Evaluating Dairy Goat Conformation

17.3 Reproductive Aspects of Goats

17.3.1 Odor of the Buck

17.4 Characteristics of Goat Milk

17.4.1 Flavor

17.4.2 Cooling

17.5 Milking Dairy Goats

17.5.1 Milk Production of Dairy Goats

17.6 Major Diseases of Goats

17.6.1 Mastitis in Goats

17.7 Management

17.7.1 Feeding Dairy Goats

17.7.2 Determining Ages of Goats

17.7.3 Behavioral Aspects of Goats

17.8 Dairy Goat Industry and Organizations

17.8.1 Dairy Goat Journal

17.9 Summary

Study Questions

Notes

References

Websites

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