(Ebook) Concise Encyclopedia of High Performance Silicones 1st Edition by Atul Tiwari, Mark D Soucek ISBN 9781118469651 1118469658

(Ebook) Concise Encyclopedia of High Performance Silicones 1st Edition by Atul Tiwari, Mark D Soucek ISBN 9781118469651 1118469658

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ISBN 10: 1118469658
ISBN 13: 9781118469651
Author: Atul Tiwari, Mark D Soucek

(Ebook) Concise Encyclopedia of High Performance Silicones 1st Edition Table of contents:

Part 1: Synthesis Methodologies for Silicones

1 Room Temperature Vulcanized Silicone Rubber Coatings: Application in High Voltage Substations

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Pollution of High Voltage Insulators

1.3 Silicone Coatings for High Voltage Ceramic Insulators

1.4 RTV SIR Coatings Formulation

1.4.1 The Base Polymer

1.4.2 Polymerization and Crosslinking Processes

1.4.3 Formulation Additives

1.5 Hydrophobicity in RTV SIR

1.5.1 Reorientation Mechanism

1.5.2 Migration of LMW Molecules

1.5.3 Silicone Fluid – Material Thickness

1.5.4 Material Formulation

1.5.5 Influence of the Crosslinking Degree

1.5.6 Influence of the Contamination Nature

1.5.7 Amount of LMW

1.5.8 Influence of the Electrical Surface Activity

1.6 Electrical Performance of RTV SIR Coatings

1.6.1 Application of RTV SIR Coatings in High-Voltage Substations

1.7 Conclusions

References

2 Silicone Copolymers: Enzymatic Synthesis and Properties

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Polysiloxanes

2.3 Silicone Aliphatic Polyesters

2.4 Silicone Aliphatic Polyesteramides

2.5 Silicone Fluorinated Aliphatic Polyesteramides

2.6 Silicone Aromatic Polyesters and Polyamides

2.7 Silicone Polycaprolactone

2.8 Silicone Polyethers

2.9 Silicone Sugar Conjugates

2.10 Stereo-Selective Esterification of Organosiloxanes

2.11 Conclusion and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

3 Phosphorus Containing Siliconized Epoxy Resins

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 Applications of Epoxy Resins

3.1.2 Need for Modified Epoxy and Modifiers

3.1.3 Multi-Faceted Properties of Phosphorus-Containing Siliconized Epoxy Resins

3.1.4 Matrix Materials for the Fabrication of Bulk and Nanocomposites

3.2 Preparation of Siliconized Epoxy-Bismaleimide Intercrosslinked Matrices

3.2.1 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA)

3.2.2 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)

3.2.3 Limiting Oxygen Index Test

3.2.4 Moisture Absorption Behavior

3.2.5 SEM Investigation

3.2.6 Research Findings and Recommendation

3.3 Phosphorus-Containing Siliconized Epoxy Resin as Thermal and Flame Retardant Coatings

3.3.1 Preparation of Siliconized Epoxy Prepolymer

3.3.2 Glass Transition Temperature and Thermal Stability of Phosphorus-Containing Siliconized Epoxy

3.3.3 Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI)

3.3.4 Recommendation

3.4 High Functionality Resins for the Fabrication of Nanocomposites

3.4.1 Mechanical Properties

3.4.2 Thermo-Mechanical Behavior

3.4.3 Thermal Properties

3.4.4 Flame Retardancy Studies

3.4.5 Effect of Curing Agent towards Flame Retardancy

3.4.6 Nano Reinforcement (POSS) Effect towards Flame Retardancy

3.4.7 Highlights

3.5 Anticorrosive and Antifouling Coating Performance of Siloxane- and Phosphorus-Modified Epoxy Com

3.5.1 Results of Potentiodynamic Polarization Study

3.5.2 Results of Electrochemical Impedance Study (EIS)

3.5.3 Salt Spray Test Results

3.5.4 Results from Antifouling Studies

3.5.5 Effect of Curing Agent towards Corrosion Resistance by Polarization Study

3.5.6 Effect of POSS NH2 towards Corrosion Resistance

3.6 Summary and Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

4 Nanostructured Silicone Materials

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Solid Particles

4.2.1 Preparation Methods of Uniform Solid Nanoparticles

4.2.2 Preparation Methods of the Core-Shell Silicone Nanoparticles

4.2.3 Applications of Silicone Nanoparticles

4.3 Nanocapsules

4.3.1 Preparation Methods

4.3.2 Applications of Nanocapsules

4.4 Ultra-Thin Silicone Films

4.4.1 Preparation Methods

4.4.2 Modifications of Silicone Film Surfaces

4.5 Conclusion and Outlook

References

5 High Refractive Index Silicone

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 High Refractive Index Polymers

5.1.2 Chemistry of Silicones

5.1.3 Chemical Modification of Polysiloxanes

5.2 Theory of RI

5.2.1 Interaction of Light with Material

5.2.2 Factors Affecting Refractive Index

5.2.3 Lorentz-Lorenz Model

5.3 High Refractive Index Silicone

5.3.1 Estimation of Refractive Index

5.3.2 Effect of Temperature on RI

5.4 Applications

5.4.1 LED Encapsulant

5.4.2 Optical Waveguide

5.4.3 Optical Sensor

5.4.4 Medical – Intraocular Lens

5.5 Conclusion and Outlook

References

6 Irradiation Induced Chemical and Physical Effects in Silicones

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Sources of Irradiation

6.2.1 UV, UVO

6.2.2 Gamma, X-ray

6.2.3 Low Energy Electron and Particle (Plasma, Corona Discharge)

6.2.4 High-Energy Electron Beam

6.2.5 Ion Beam

6.3 Irradiation-Induced Chemical Effects in Silicones

6.3.1 Linear Polysiloxanes

6.3.2 Crosslinked Polysiloxanes

6.4 Irradiation-Induced Physical Effects in Silicones

6.4.1 Viscosity, Solubility Changes

6.4.2 Surface Adhesion (Water Wettability)

6.4.3 Surface Stiffness and Topography

6.4.4 Crystallinity

6.4.5 Refractive Index Changes

6.5 Conclusion and Outlook

References

7 Developments and Properties of Reinforced Silicone Rubber Nanocomposites

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Different Types of Nanofillers Used in Silicone Rubber (SR)

7.2.1 Zero-Dimensional Fillers

7.2.2 One-Dimensional Fillers

7.2.3 Two-Dimensional Fillers

7.2.4 Three-Dimensional Fillers

7.2.5 Three-Dimensional Hybrids

7.3 Preparation of Silicone Rubber (SR) Nanocomposites

7.3.1 In-Situ Polymerization

7.3.2 Solution Mixing

7.3.3 Dry Mixing

7.3.4 Melt Intercalation Method

7.3.5 Sol-Gel Methods

7.4 Morphology of Silicone Rubber (SR) Nanocomposites

7.4.1 Zero-Dimensional Nanofiller/SR Composites

7.4.2 One-Dimensional Nanofiller/SR Composites

7.4.3 Two-Dimensional Nanofiller/SR Composites

7.4.4 Three-Dimensional Nanofiller/SR Composites

7.5 Properties of Silicone Rubber Nanocomposites

7.5.1 Mechanical Properties

7.5.2 Thermal Studies

7.5.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

7.5.4 Flame-Retardant Properties

7.5.5 Electrical Properties

7.5.6 Thermal Conductivity

7.5.7 Gas Barrier Properties

7.5.8 Swelling Properties

7.5.9 Biological Properties

7.6 Conclusion and Outlook

References

8 Functionalization of Silicone Rubber Surfaces towards Biomedical Applications

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Silicone Rubber – Material of Excellence for Biomedical Applications?

8.2.1 Voice Prostheses

8.2.2 Maxillofacial Prostheses

8.3 Surface Modification of Silicone Rubber

8.3.1 Plasma Treatments

8.3.2 Polymer Brushes

8.3.3 Biosurfactants

8.3.4 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

8.4 Conclusion and Outlook

References

9 Functionalization of Colloidal Silica Nanoparticles and Their Use in Paint and Coatings

9.1 Introduction to Colloidal Silica

9.2 Chemistry of Silica Surface Functionalization by Organosilanes

9.3 Characterization and Product Properties of Silane-Modified Silica Dispersions

9.3.1 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

9.3.2 Charge Density

9.3.3 Colloidal Stability in the Presence of Salt

9.3.4 Stability against Gelling/Coagulation upon Freezing and Thawing

9.3.5 Surface Tension of Silane-Modified Silica Dispersions

9.4 Applications for Silanized Silica Nanoparticles in Paint and Coatings

9.4.1 Effects of Glycerolpropylsilyl-Modified Silica Dispersions in Clear Coatings

9.4.2 Dispersant of Inorganic Pigments

9.4.3 Co-binder in Silicate Paints

9.4.4 Improved Product Properties of Pigmented Acrylic and Alkyd Paints

9.5 Conclusion and Outlook

References

10 Surface Modification of PDMS in Microfluidic Devices

10.1 Introduction

10.2 PDMS Surface Modification Techniques

10.2.1 Blending

10.2.2 Physical Adsorption

10.2.3 Inner Migration

10.2.4 High Energy Exposure

10.2.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition

10.2.6 Sol-Gel Chemistry

10.2.7 Silanization

10.2.8 Chemical Grafting (UV Grafting)

10.3 Characterization Techniques

10.4 Discussion and Perspectives

References

Part 2: Characterizing the Silicones

11 The Development and Application of NMR Methodologies for the Study of Degradation in Complex Sili

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Applications of NMR for Characterizing Silicones

11.2.1 Chemical Speciation in the Solution State

11.2.2 Chemical Speciation in Insoluble Networks – NMR of the Swollen State

11.2.3 Direct Detection of Chemical Speciation Changes in the Solid State

11.2.4 Qualitative Characterization of Changes in Network Structure through Changes in NMR Relaxatio

11.3 Highlights of Recent Advances in NMR Methodology

11.3.1 High Resolution “N” Dimensional-NMR for Advanced Speciation

11.3.2 Cross Polarization Methods for Characterizing Filler Interactions

11.3.3 Advanced Relaxometry Methods

11.3.4 Quadrupolar “Witness” Nuclei

11.3.5 Multiple Quantum NMR

11.3.6 Applications of MQ-NMR to Elastomeric Silicone Materials

11.3.7 The 129Xe NMR as a probe of Silicone Morphology and Degradation

11.3.8 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques and Their Application to Silicone Degradation

11.3.9 Use of NMR Data to Support Predictive Models of Silicone Networks

11.4 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

12 Applications of Some Spectroscopic Techniques on Silicones and Precursor to Silicones

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Fourier Transformation Infrared and Spectroscopy of Silicones

12.2.1 Application on Coatings and Other Advanced Materials

12.2.2 Applications on Biomaterials

12.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Silicones

12.3.1 Application in Coatings and Other Advanced Materials

12.3.2 Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Biomaterials

12.4 FTIR-Assisted Chemical Component Analysis in Thermal Degradation of Silicones

12.5 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Silicones

12.5.1 Applications on Coatings and Other Advanced Materials

12.6 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy

12.7 Conclusion and Outlook

Acknowledgement

References

13 Degradative Thermal Analysis of Engineering Silicones

13.1 Degradative Thermal Analysis of Engineering Silicones

13.1.1 Thermal Stability and Degradation Behavior of Silicone Elastomers

13.1.2 Analytical Degradative Thermal Analysis of Silicones

13.2 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

14 High Frequency Properties and Applications of Elastomeric Silicones

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Silicone Microdevice Fabrication

14.3 Properties of Silicone at Radio Frequencies (1–20 GHz)

14.3.1 Design of Transmission Line on Silicone

14.3.2 Fabrication of RF Coplanar Waveguide

14.3.3 Extraction of the RF properties of PDMS

14.3.4 Application as a Pneumatic Switch

14.4 Properties of Silicone at Terahertz Frequencies (0.2 THz – 4.0 THz)

14.4.1 Extraction of the Terahertz Properties of PDMS

14.4.2 Application as a Fishnet Metamaterial

14.5 Conclusion and Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

15 Mathematical Modeling of Drug Delivery from Silicone Devices Used in Bovine Estrus Synchronizatio

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Bovine Estrous Cycle

15.3 Bovine Estrus Synchronization

15.4 Controlled Release Silicone Devices

15.4.1 Progesterone-Releasing Intravaginal Devices

15.4.2 Subcutaneous Implantable Devices

15.5 Mathematical Modeling

15.5.1 In Vitro Models

15.5.2 In Vivo Models

15.5.3 Overall Models

15.6 Conclusion and Outlook

References

16 Safety and Toxicity Aspects of Polysiloxanes (Silicones) Applications

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Business Strategy for Manufacturing and Sale of Polysiloxanes

16.3 Chemical Aspects

16.4 Speciation Analysis

16.5 Application Areas and Direct Human Contact with Polysiloxanes (Silicones)

16.6 Toxicological Aspects

16.7 Conclusion and Outlook

References

17 Structure Properties Interrelations of Silicones for Optimal Design in Biomedical Prostheses

17.1 Introduction

17.1.1 Maxillofacial and Other Prosthetic Applications for Silicone Elastomers – Biocompatibility

17.1.2 Aging and Failure of Silicone Elastomer Prostheses

17.1.3 Modification Techniques for Improved Properties of Silicones in Biomedical Applications

17.1.4 Silicone Elastomer Bioactive Reinforcement

17.2 Materials and Methods

17.2.1 Materials

17.2.2 Methods

17.3 Discussion of Results

17.3.1 DSC

17.3.2 TGA

17.3.3 Mechanical Performance of PDMS Nanocomposites

17.3.4 Swelling Experiments in Toluene

17.3.5 Color Stability

17.3.6 In Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation

17.4 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Part 3: Applications of Silicones

18 Silicone-Based Soft Electronics

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Silicone-Based Passive Soft Electronics

18.2.1 Fabrication of Single-Layer Passive Elastomeric Electronics

18.2.2 Silicone-Based Elastic, Liquid Metal, Unbalanced Loop Antenna

18.2.3 Elastomeric, Bendable, Stretchable, Fluidic UWB Antenna

18.3 Silicone-Based Integrated Active Soft Electronics

18.3.1 Implementation of Single-Layer Stretchable, Elastomeric Integrated Active RF Electronics

18.3.2 Highly Deformable, Large-Area, RF Radiation Sensor

18.3.3 Fabrication of Multi-Layer Silicone-Based Integrated Active Soft Electronics

18.3.4 Multilayer, Reversibly Stretchable, Large-Area Wireless Strain Sensor

18.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

19 Silicone Hydrogels Materials for Contact Lens Applications

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Synthesis and Development of Materials

19.2.1 Polymer Structure

19.2.2 Current Materials

19.3 Surface Properties

19.3.1 Topography and Roughness

19.3.2 Friction

19.3.3 Wetability

19.3.4 Surface Charge (Ionicity)

19.4 Bulk Properties

19.4.1 Equilibrium Water Content and Water Activity

19.4.2 Mechanical Properties

19.4.3 Oxygen Permeability and Transmissibility

19.4.4 Hydraulic and Ionic Permeability

19.5 Biological Interactions

19.5.1 Microbial Contamination

19.5.2 Mechanical Interactions

19.5.3 Interaction with Tears

19.5.4 Interaction with CL Care Solutions

19.6 Load and Release of Products from Contact Lenses

19.6.1 Release of Moisture Agents from Si-Hy Contact Lenses

19.6.2 Drug Release from Si-Hy Contact Lenses

19.7 Conclusions

Disclosure

References

20 Silicone Membranes for Gas, Vapor and Liquid Phase Separations

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Material

20.3 Membrane Type and Configuration

20.3.1 Dense Membranes

20.3.2 Composite Membranes

20.3.3 Membranes Based on Polymeric Blends

20.3.4 Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs)

20.3.5 Supported Ionic Liquid Membranes

20.3.6 Porous Membranes

20.4 Membrane Unit Operations Based on Silicones

20.4.1 Gas and Vapor Separation

20.4.2 Pervaporation

20.4.3 Organic Solvent Nanofiltration

20.4.4 Evapomeation

20.5 Conclusions and Outlook

References

21 Polydimethyl Siloxane Elastomers in Maxillofacial Prosthetic Use

21.1 Introduction

21.1.1 Origin of Facial Defects

21.1.2 Surgery vs Prosthetics

21.1.3 Midfacial Defects

21.2 Facial Prostheses

21.2.1 Retention of the Facial Prostheses

21.2.2 Facial Implants

21.2.3 Attachment of the Prosthesis to the Implants

21.2.4 Prototyping

21.2.5 Facial Prosthetic Materials

21.3 Polydimethyl Siloxane Elastomers

21.3.1 Components

21.3.2 Physical Properties

21.3.3 Interactions between Components

21.3.4 Factors Affecting Physical Properties

21.4 Reinforcement

21.5 Biocompatibility and the Microbiological Features

21.6 Future Studies

Acknowledgment

References

22 Silicone Films for Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensing

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Silicone Chemistry and Technology Related to Optical Chemical Sensing

22.2.1 Fillers

22.2.2 Curing

22.3 Gas Permeability and Optical Sensing

22.4 Optical Properties of Silicone Thin Films

22.5 Silicone Films for Optical Oxygen Sensing

22.6 Silicone Films for Optical Sensing of Other Species

22.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

23 Surface Design, Fabrication and Properties of Silicone Materials for Use in Tissue Engineering an

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Silicone Biomaterials

23.2.1 Orthopedic Applications of Silicone

23.2.2 Catheters, Drains and Shunts

23.2.3 Extracorporeal Equipment

23.2.4 Breast Implants

23.2.5 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives

23.2.6 Silicone Hydrogels for Contact Lenses

23.3 Silicones in Tissue Engineering

23.3.1 Surface Modification of Silicones for Tissue Engineering Applications

23.4 Surface Characterization Techniques

23.4.1 Contact Angle

23.4.2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

23.4.3 Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

23.4.4 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

23.5 Conclusion and Outlook

Acknowledgement

References

24 Silicones for Microfluidic Systems

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices

24.2.1 Soft Lithography and Replica Molding

24.2.2 Surface Activation

24.2.3 Surface Modification

24.2.4 Modification of Bulk PDMS

24.2.5 Interfacing

24.3 Application of PDSM-Based Microfluidic Devices

24.4 Summary and Outlook

References

25 Silicone Oil in Biopharmaceutical Containers: Applications and Recent Concerns

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Lubrication of Pharmaceutical Containers and Devices

25.3 Silicone Oil: A Molecular Perspective

25.3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Silicone Oil

25.3.2 Lubricating Properties of Silicone Oil

25.3.3 Biocompatibility of Silicones

25.4 Silicone Oil Coatings in Pharmaceutical Devices

25.4.1 Silicone Products Used in Lubrication

25.4.2 Silicone Coating Process

25.5 Protein Adsorption to Hydrophobic Interfaces

25.5.1 Factors Affecting Protein Adsorption

25.5.2 Protein Denaturation Upon Interfacial Adsorption

25.5.3 Reversibility of the Adsorbed Protein

25.6 Physical Stability of Biologics in the Presence of Silicone Oil

25.7 Overcoming Silicone Oil-Related Incompatibilities

25.7.1 Minimizing Protein-Silicone Oil Interactions

25.7.2 Alternatives to Silicone Oil

25.8 Conclusions and Outlook

List of Abbreviations

References

Index

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