(Ebook) Childhood and Adolescence Voyages in Development 6th Edition by Spencer A Rathus ISBN 9781305504592 1305504593

(Ebook) Childhood and Adolescence Voyages in Development 6th Edition by Spencer A Rathus ISBN 9781305504592 1305504593

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ISBN 10: 1305504593
ISBN 13: 9781305504592
Author: Spencer A Rathus

(Ebook) Childhood and Adolescence Voyages in Development 6th Edition Table of contents:

Chapter 1. History, Theories, and Methods

1.1. What is Child Development? Coming to Terms With Terms

Why Do Researchers Study Child Development?

What Views of Children Do We Find Throughout History?

1.2. Theories of Child Development

What Are Theories of Child Development?

What Is the Psychoanalytic Perspective on Child Development?

What Are the Learning Perspectives on Child Development?

What is the Cognitive Perspective on Child Development?

What is the Biological Perspective on Development?

What is the Ecological Systems Theory of Child Development?

What Is the Sociocultural Perspective on Development?

1.3. Controversies in Child Development

Which Exerts the Greater Influence on Children: Nature or Nurture?

Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous?

Are Children Active (Prewired to Act on the World) or Passive (Shaped by Experience)?

1.4. How Do We Study Child Development?

What Is the Scientific Method?

What Methods of Observation Do Researchers Use to Gather Information About Children?

Correlation: What Does It Mean to Correlate Information?

What is an Experiment? What Are an Experiment’s Advantages Over Correlation?

How Do Researchers Study Developments That Take Place Over the Years?

1.5. Ethical Considerations

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Chapter 2. Heredity and Conception

2.1. The Influence of Heredity on Development: The Nature of Nature

What Are Chromosomes and Genes?

What Are Mitosis and Meiosis?

What Are Identical and Fraternal Twins?

What Are Dominant and Recessive Traits?

2.2. Chromosomal and Genetic Abnormalities

What Kinds of Problems Are Caused by Chromosomal Abnormalities?

What Kinds of Problems Are Caused by 
Genetic Abnormalities?

How Do Health Professionals Determine Whether Children Will Have Genetic or Chromosomal Abnormalities?

2.3. Heredity and the Environment: Nature versus Nurture

Reaction Range: What Is the Difference Between Our Genotypes and Our Phenotypes?

What Is Canalization?

What Is Meant by Genetic–Environmental Correlation?

How Do Researchers Sort Out the Effects 
of Genetics and Environmental Influences 
on Development? (Are the Traits of 
Relatives Related?)

Twin Studies: Looking in the Genetic Mirror

Adoption Studies

2.4. Conception: Against All Odds

Ova

Sperm Cells

2.5. Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology

What Are the Causes of Infertility?

How Are Couples with Fertility Problems Assisted in Becoming Parents?

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Chapter 3. Prenatal Development

3.1. The Germinal Stage: Wanderings

Without Visible Means of Support?

3.2. The Embryonic Stage

Sexual Differentiation: How Do Some Babies Develop into Girls and Others into Boys?

Why Is the Amniotic Sac Called a “Shock Absorber”?

What Are the Functions of the Placenta?

3.3. The Fetal Stage

3.4. Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development

How Does Maternal Nutrition Affect Prenatal Development?

What Are Teratogens? Does It Matter When, During Pregnancy, a Woman Is Exposed to Them?

What Are the Effects of Drugs Taken by the Mother on Prenatal Development?

What Are the Effects of Environmental Hazards During Pregnancy?

What Are the Apparent Effects of Maternal Stress on the Child?

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Chapter 4. Birth and the Newborn Baby: In the New World

4.1. Countdown...

4.2. The Stages of Childbirth

What Happens During the First Stage of Childbirth?

What Happens During the Second Stage of Childbirth?

What Happens During the Third Stage of Childbirth?

4.3. Methods of Childbirth

How Is Anesthesia Used in Childbirth?

What About Hypnosis and Biofeedback?

What Is Meant by Prepared Childbirth?

Why Are Cesarean Sections Used So Widely? What Are Their Pluses and Minuses?

Is Home Birth Too Risky, or Is It Something to Consider?

4.4. Birth Problems

What Are the Effects of Oxygen Deprivation at Birth?

What Are the Risks in Being Born Preterm or Low in Birth Weight?

4.5. The Postpartum Period

What Kinds of Psychological Problems Do Women Encounter During the Postpartum Period?

How Critical Is Parental Interaction with Neonates in the Formation of Bonds of Attachment?

4.6. Characteristics of Neonates

How Do Health Professionals Assess the Health of Neonates?

What Are Reflexes? What Reflexes Are Shown by Newborns?

How Well Do Neonates Sense the World Around Them?

On Really Early Childhood “Education”—Can Neonates Learn?

What Patterns of Sleep and Waking Are Found Among Neonates?

Why Do Babies Cry? What Can Be Done to Soothe Them?

4.7. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

The Children’s Hospital Boston Study

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Chapter 5. Infancy: Physical Development

5.1. Physical Growth and Development

What Are the Sequences of Physical Development? Head First?

What Patterns of Growth Occur in Infancy?

5.2. Nutrition: Fueling Development

What Are the Pros and Cons of Breastfeeding vs. Bottle Feeding?

5.3. Development of the Brain and Nervous System

What Are Neurons? How Do They Develop?

How Does the Brain Develop?

How Do Nature and Nurture Interact to Affect the Development of the Brain?

5.4. Motor Development: How Moving

Lifting and Holding the Torso and Head: Heads Up?

Control of the Hands: Getting a Grip on Things?

Locomotion: Getting a Move On?

How Do Nature and Nurture Interact to Affect Motor Development?

5.5. Sensory and Perceptual Development: Taking In the World

Development of Vision: The Better to See You With

Visual Preferences: How Do You Capture an Infant’s Attention?

Development of Hearing: The Better to Hear You With?

Development of Coordination of the Senses: If I See It, Can I Touch It?

Do Children Play an Active or a Passive Role in Perceptual Development?

What Is the Evidence for the Roles of Nature and Nurture in Perceptual Development?

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Chapter 6. Infancy: Cognitive Development

6.1. Cognitive Development: Jean Piaget

What Is the Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development?

What Is Object Permanence? How Does It Develop?

What Are the Strengths and Limitations of Piaget’s Theory of Sensorimotor Development?

6.2. Information Processing

What Is the Capacity of the Memory of Infants?

Imitation: Infant See, Infant Do

6.3. Social Influences on Early Cognitive Development

6.4. Individual Differences in Cognitive Functioning Among Infants

Testing Infants: Why and with What?

How Well Do Infant Scales Predict Later Intellectual Performance?

What Is Visual Recognition Memory? How Is It Used to Enhance Predictability of Infant Intelligence?

6.5. Language Development

What Are Prelinguistic Vocalizations?

How Does the Child Develop Vocabulary?

How Do Infants Create Sentences? On Telegraphing Ideas

6.6. Theories of Language Development: Can You Make a Houseplant Talk?

How Do Learning Theorists Account for Language Development?

How Can Adults Enhance Language Development in Children?

How Does Psycholinguistic Theory Explain Language Development?

What Is the Emergentist Theory of Language Development?

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Chapter 7. Infancy: Social and Emotional Development

7.1. Attachment: Bonds That Endure

Patterns of Attachment: What Does It Mean for a Child to Be “Secure” or “Insecure”?

What Are the Roles of the Caregivers in the Formation of Bonds of Attachment?

How Stable Are Bonds of Attachment?

Are There Stages of Attachment? What Are They?

What Are the Various Theories of Attachment? How Does Each Emphasize Nature or Nurture in Its Explanation of the Development of Attachment?

7.2. When Attachment Fails

What Are the Effects of Social Deprivation on Child Development?

How Common Are Child Abuse and Neglect? What Are Their Effects?

What Is Autism Spectrum Disorder? On Being Alone Among the Crowd

7.3. Day Care

7.4. Emotional Development

Is Emotional Development Linked to Patterns of Attachment?

What is Meant by Fear of Strangers? Is It Something to Worry About?

Social Referencing: What Should I Do Now?

How Do Infants Regulate Their Emotions?

7.5. Personality Development

What Is the Self-Concept? How Does It Develop?

Temperament: Easy, Difficult, or Slow to Warm Up

7.6. Gender Differences

What Are the Differences in Behavior Between Infant Girls and Boys?

Do Adults Behave Differently in Their Interactions with Infant Girls and Boys?

Do Parents Treat Their Infant Sons and Daughters Differently?

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Chapter 8. Early Childhood: Physical Development

8.1. Growth Patterns

What Changes Occur in Height and Weight During Early Childhood?

How Does the Brain Develop During Early Childhood?

Are Some Children Right-Brained and Others Left-Brained?

What Is Meant by Plasticity of the Brain?

8.2. Motor Development

How Do Gross Motor Skills Develop in Early Childhood?

How Do Fine Motor Skills Develop in Early Childhood?

When Does Handedness Emerge? Are There Any Advantages or Disadvantages to Being Left-Handed?

8.3. Nutrition

What Are Children’s Nutritional Needs in Early Childhood?

What Are Children’s Patterns of Eating?

8.4. Health and Illness

What Minor Illnesses Do Children Develop in Early Childhood?

What Major Illnesses Do Children Encounter?

What Is the Role of Accidents as a Cause of Death in Early Childhood?

8.5. Sleep

What Sleep Disorders Affect Children?

8.6. Elimination Disorders

What Is Enuresis?

What Is Encopresis?

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Chapter 9. Early Childhood: Cognitive Development

9.1. Jean Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

How Do Children in the Preoperational Stage Think and Behave?

What Is Symbolic or Pretend Play?

What Are “Operations”?

Egocentrism: Why Do Young Children Think “It’s All About Me”?

Causality: Why? Because!

How Do Young Children Confuse Mental and Physical Events? On “Galaprocks” and Dreams That Are Real

How Many Dimensions of a Problem Do Young Children Focus on at Once? On Mental Blinders

What Is Meant By Conservation? (Hint: We’re Not Talking About the Environment)

What Do Young Children Put in Their Classes? On Class Inclusion

How Accurately Do Piaget’s Views Represent Cognitive Development in Early Childhood?

9.2. Vygotsky’s Views on Early Childhood Cognitive Development

What Are Scaffolding and the Zone of Proximal Development?

9.3. Other Factors in Early Childhood Cognitive Development: The Home Environment, Preschool, and Television

How Does the Home Environment Affect the Cognitive Development of Children?

How Do Preschool Educational Programs Affect Children’s Cognitive Development?

Is Television a Window on the World for Young Children, or a Prison within a False World?

What Are the Effects of Educational Television on Cognitive Development?

9.4. Theory of Mind: What Is the Mind? How Does It Work?

What Are Young Children’s Ideas About How the Mind Works?

On False Beliefs: Just Where Did Those Crayons Go?

On the Origins of Knowledge: Where Does It Come From?

The Appearance–Reality Distinction: Are Appearances at Some Ages More Deceiving Than at Others?

9.5. Development of Memory: Creating Documents, Storing Them, Retrieving Them

What Memory Skills Do Children Have in Early Childhood? How Do We Know?

How Competent Are Young Children’s Memories?

What Factors Influence Memory Skills in Early Childhood?

Memory Strategies: How Do Children Remember to Remember?

9.6. Language Development: Why “Daddy Goed Away”

Words, Words, and More Words—How Does Vocabulary Develop in Early Childhood?

Putting Words Together—How Does Grammar Develop in Early Childhood?

Pragmatics: Can Preschoolers Be Practical?

What Are the Connections Between Language and Cognition? Which Comes First: The Concept or the Word?

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Chapter 10. Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

10.1. Influences on Development: Parents, Siblings, and Peers

What Are the Dimensions of Child Rearing?

How Do Parents Enforce Restrictions?

What Parenting Styles Are Involved in the Transmission of Values and Standards?

How Do the Situation and the Child, Herself, Influence Parenting Styles?

How Do Siblings Influence Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood?

Birth Order: Just Where Is the Child in the Family?

How Do Peers Influence Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood?

10.2. Social Behavior: In the World, Among Others

What Are the Characteristics of Play? How Does Play Affect Children’s Development?

What Is Prosocial Behavior? How Does It Develop?

Aggression—The Dark Side of Social Interaction: How Does It Develop?

What Are the Causes of Aggression in Children?

10.3. Personality and Emotional Development

How Does the Self Develop During Early Childhood?

Initiative versus Guilt

The Horrors of Early Childhood: What Sorts of Fears Do Children Have During the Preschool Years?

10.4. Development of Gender Roles and Gender Differences

What Are Stereotypes and Gender Roles? How Do They Develop?

Gender Differences: How Do Females and Males Differ in Their Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Development?

What Are the Origins of Gender Differences?

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Chapter 11. Middle Childhood: Physical Development

11.1. Growth Patterns

What Patterns of Growth Occur in Middle Childhood?

How Does the Brain Develop in Middle Childhood?

What Are the Connections Between Nutrition and Growth in Middle Childhood?

What Are the Gender Similarities and Differences in Physical Growth During Middle Childhood?

How Do Vision and Hearing Develop During Middle Childhood?

11.2. Overweight Children

How Many Children in the United States Are Overweight? Why Are They Overweight?

What Are the Causes of Being Overweight?

11.3. Childhood Asthma

What Is the Prevalence of Asthma?

What Factors Increase the Risk of Developing Asthma?

How Is Asthma Treated?

11.4. Motor Development

How Do Gross Motor Skills Develop During Middle Childhood?

How Do Fine Motor Skills Develop During Middle Childhood?

What Are the Gender Similarities and Differences in Motor Development During Middle Childhood?

Are Children in the United States Physically Fit? If Not, Why Not?

What Can Be Done During Middle Childhood to Improve Physical Fitness?

11.5. Disorders That Affect Learning

What Is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

How Does Run-of-the-Mill Failure (or Refusal!) to “Listen” to Adults Differ from Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?

Is ADHD Overdiagnosed?

What Are the Causes of ADHD?

How Do Health Professionals Treat ADHD? How Can It Be Possible That Children with ADHD Are Commonly Treated with Stimulants?

What Are Learning Disabilities?

Should Children with Learning Disabilities Be Placed in Regular Classrooms (That Is, Should They Be “Mainstreamed”)?

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Chapter 12. Middle Childhood: Cognitive Development

12.1. Jean Piaget: The Concrete-Operational Stage

What Is Meant by the Stage of Concrete Operations?

Can We Apply Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development to Educational Practices?

12.2. Moral Development: The Child as Judge

How Does Piaget View the Development of Moral Reasoning?

How Does Kohlberg View the Development of Moral Reasoning?

12.3. Information Processing: Learning, Remembering, Problem Solving

How Do Children Develop Selective Attention?

What Developments Occur in the Storage and Retrieval of Information During Middle Childhood?

What Do Children Understand About the Functioning of Their Cognitive Processes and, More Particularly, Their Memory?

12.4. Intellectual Development, Creativity, and Achievement

What Is Intelligence?

What Are the Various Factor Theories of Intelligence?

What Is Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?

What Is the Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

What Is Meant by Emotional Intelligence and Social Intelligence?

How Do We Measure Intellectual Development?

Why Do So Many Psychologists and Educators Consider Standard Intelligence Tests to Be Culturally Biased?

What Are the Various Patterns of Intellectual Development?

How Do Children Differ in Their Intellectual Development?

What Is Creativity? How Does Creativity Relate to Overall Intellectual Development?

What Is the Relationship Between Creativity and Intelligence?

What Are the Roles of Nature (Heredity) and Nurture (Environmental Influences) In the Development of Intelligence?

12.5. Language Development

How Do Children’s Vocabulary and Grammar Develop in Middle Childhood?

What Cognitive Skills Are Involved in Reading?

What Does Research Reveal About the Advantages and Disadvantages of Bilingualism?

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Chapter 13. Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

13.1. Theories of Social and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood

What Are Psychoanalytic Theory’s Views on Middle Childhood?

What Is Social Cognitive Theory’s View on Middle Childhood?

What Is Cognitive-Developmental Theory’s View on Middle Childhood?

How Does the Self-Concept Develop During Middle Childhood?

13.2. The Family

What Issues Are Involved in Parent–Child Relationships During Middle Childhood?

What Happens to Children Whose Parents Get Divorced?

What Are the Effects of Parental Employment on Children?

13.3. Peer Relationships

What Is the Influence of Peers During Middle Childhood?

How Do Children’s Concepts of Friendship Develop During Middle Childhood?

13.4. The School

What Are the Effects of the School on Children’s Social and Emotional Development?

What Is It Like for Children to Enter School?—Getting to Know You

What Are the Characteristics of a Good School?

13.5. Social and Emotional Problems

What Are Conduct Disorders?

What Is Childhood Depression? What Can We Do About It?

What Are the Features of Anxiety During Middle Childhood?

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Chapter 14. Adolescence: Physical Development

14.1. Adolescence

How Do We Define Adolescence?

14.2. Puberty: The Biological Eruption

What Is the Role of Hormones in Puberty?

What Is the Adolescent Growth Spurt?

What Pubertal Changes Occur in Boys?

What Pubertal Changes Occur in Girls?

Early versus Late Maturers: Does It Matter When You Arrive, as Long as You Do?

How Do Adolescents Feel About Their Bodies?

14.3. Brain Development

14.4. Emerging Sexuality and the Risks of Sexually Transmitted Infections

What Kinds of STIs Are There?

What Factors Place Adolescents at Risk for Contracting STIs?

Given the Threat of HIV/AIDS and Other STIs, What Can Be Done to Prevent Them?

14.5. Health in Adolescence

How Healthy Are U.S. Adolescents?

What Are the Causes of Death Among Adolescents?

How Much Sleep Do Adolescents Need?

What Are the Nutritional Needs of Adolescents? What Do Adolescents Actually Eat?

14.6. Eating Disorders: When Dieting Turns Deadly

What Is Anorexia Nervosa?

What Is Bulimia Nervosa?

What Are the Origins of Eating Disorders?

How Do We Treat and Prevent Eating Disorders?

14.7. Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders

What Are the Effects of Depressants?

What Are the Effects of Stimulants?

What Are the Effects of Hallucinogenics?

What Factors Are Associated with Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders?

How Do We Treat and Prevent Substance Abuse?

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Chapter 15. Adolescence: Cognitive Development

15.1. The Adolescent in Thought: My, My, How “Formal”

What Are Formal Operations? What Happens During Jean Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operations?

Are Adolescents Egocentric? How Is Adolescent Egocentrism Related to the Imaginary Audience and the Personal Fable?

15.2. Gender Differences in Cognitive Abilities

Are There Gender Differences in Verbal Abilities

15.3. The Adolescent in Judgment: Moral Development

What Are Kohlberg’s Views on Moral Reasoning in Adolescence?

What Is the the Postconventional Level of Moral Development?

Are There Cross-Cultural Differences in Moral Development? What Are They?

Are There Gender Differences in Moral Development?

On Moral Behavior and Moral Reasoning: Is There a Relationship?

How, Then, Do We Evaluate Kohlberg’s Theory?

15.4. The Adolescent in School

How Do Adolescents Make the Transition from Elementary School to Middle, Junior High, or High School?

What Are the Consequences of Dropping Out of School? Why Do Adolescents Drop Out?

How Can Psychologists and Educators Prevent Adolescents from Dropping Out of School?

15.5. The Adolescent at Work: Career Development and Work Experience

How Do Adolescents Make Career Choices?

How Many American Adolescents Hold Jobs? What Are the Pros and Cons of Adolescents Working?

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Chapter 16. Adolescence: Social and Emotional Development

16.1. Development of Identity and the Self-Concept: “Who Am I?” (And Who Else?)

What Does Erik Erikson Have to Say About the Development of Identity During Adolescence?

What Are James Marcia’s “Identity Statuses”?

What Are the Connections Between Ethnicity and Other Sociocultural Factors—Such as Gender—and Identity?

What Are the Stages in Developing an Ethnic Identity?

Does the Development of Ego Identity Differ in Males and Females?

How Does the Self-Concept Develop During Adolescence?

What Happens to Self-Esteem During Adolescence: Bottoming? Rising?

16.2. Relationships with Parents and Peers

How Do Relationships with Parents Change During Adolescence?

How Do Relationships with Peers Change During Adolescence?

16.3. Sexuality: When? What? (How?) Who? Where? and Why?—Not to Mention, “Should I?”

How Common Is Masturbation Among Adolescents?

How Does One’s Sexual Orientation Develop During Adolescence?

How Does Male–Female Sexual Behavior Develop During Adolescence?

What Are the Effects of Puberty on Adolescent Sexual Behavior?

How Do Relationships with Parents Influence Adolescent Sexual Behavior?

How Do Relationships with Peers Influence Adolescent Sexual Behavior?

What Are the Causes and Effects of Teenage Pregnancy in Our Society?

16.4. Juvenile Delinquency

What Are the Ethnic and Gender Differences in Juvenile Delinquency? Why Do They Occur?

Who Are the Delinquents? What Are They Like?

How Can We Prevent and Treat Juvenile Delinquency?

16.5. Suicide: When the Adolescent Has Nothing—Except Everything—to Lose

How Many Adolescents Commit Suicide?

What Prompts Adolescents to Take Their Own Lives? Who Is Most at Risk?

16.6. Epilogue: Emerging Adulthood—Bridge Between Adolescence and the Life Beyond

What Is Emerging Adulthood?

What Are the Features of Emerging Adulthood?

What Are Erik Erikson’s Views on Emerging Adulthood?

Chapter Review

Key Terms

References

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