(Ebook) Biology of sharks and their relatives 1st Edition by Jeffrey C Carrier, John A Musick, Michael R Heithaus ISBN 9780203491317 0203491319

(Ebook) Biology of sharks and their relatives 1st Edition by Jeffrey C Carrier, John A Musick, Michael R Heithaus ISBN 9780203491317 0203491319

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ISBN 10: 0203491319
ISBN 13: 9780203491317
Author: Jeffrey C Carrier, John A Musick, Michael R Heithaus

(Ebook) Biology of sharks and their relatives 1st Edition Table of contents:

Part I: Phylogeny and Zoogeography
1.1 Introduction
1.2.1 Tesserate Mineralization
1.3 Historic Evidence of Early Chondrichthyans
1.3.1.2 Bear Gulch Limestone
1.3.1.2.2 The Bear Gulch and Devonian-Permian Chondrichthyan Groups
1.3.1.2.3 Community Structure and Population Dynamics
1.3.1.2.4 Segregation According to Age, Sex, and Reproductive Stage
1.3.1.2.5 Reproductive Strategies
1.3.2 Upper Carboniferous and Permian Record
1.4.2 On Elasmobranch Origins
1.5.1 Trends in the Basal Diversification of the Chondrichthyes (Figure 1.6, Appendix 1.1)
1.5.2 Other Concluding Remarks on the Origins of Chondrichthyans, Trends in Chondrichthyan Evolution, and on Characters of the Class
Acknowledgments
Appendix 1.1: Characters and States for the Cladogram of Figure 1.6
References

2.1.1 Zoogeographic Patterns
2.1.3 Zoogeographic Methods; Brief History
2.2.1 Vagility
2.3.1.2 Species Diversity
2.3.2.1.1 Heterodontiformes
2.3.2.1.2 Orectolobiformes
2.3.2.1.3 Lamniformes
2.3.2.1.4 Carcharhiniformes
2.3.2.2.2 Echinorhiniformes
2.3.2.2.5 Squaliformes
2.4 Summary
Acknowledgments
Appendix 2.1
References

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Analyses
3.3.1 Claspers
3.3.2 Phylogenetic Analyses
3.4.1 Phylogenetic Implications
3.4.2 Evolutionary Implications
3.4.4 Classification of Batoids
3.4.5 Biogeography of Batoids
Acknowledgments
Appendix 3.1: Specimens Examined
Appendix 3.2: Character Matrix
Tooth Root Vascularization and Structure
Skeletal Structures
Cephalic and Branchial Musculature
References

Part II: Form, Function, and Physiological Processes
4.1 Overview of Living Holocephali
4.2 General Ecology and Behavior
4.3.1.1 Lateral Line Canals
4.3.1.2 Fins and Fin Spines
4.3.2 Skeleton
4.3.3 Secondary Sexual Characteristics
4.5.1 Callorhinchidae (Figure 4.1A)
4.5.2 Rhinochimaeridae (Figure 4.1B)
Acknowledgments
Appendix 4.1: Provisional Key to Species
References

5.1.1 Approaches to Studying Locomotion in Chondrichthyans
5.1.3 Body Form and Fin Shapes
5.2.1 Function of the Body during Steady Locomotion and Maneuvering
5.2.2 Function of the Caudal Fin during Steady Locomotion and Maneuvering
5.2.3.1 Anatomy of the Pectoral Fins
5.2.3.2 Role of the Pectoral Fins during Steady Swimming
5.2.3.3 Role of the Pectoral Fins during Vertical Maneuvering
5.2.3.4 Function of the Pectoral Fins during Benthic Station-Holding
5.2.3.5 Motor Activity in the Pectoral Fins
5.2.4 Synthesis
5.3 Locomotion in Skates and Rays
5.4 Locomotion in Holocephalans
5.5 Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References

6.1 Introduction
6.2.1 Predatory Behaviors
6.2.2 Feeding Location and Prey Capture
6.3.1 Mechanics of Prey Capture
6.3.2 Evolution of the Feeding Mechanism
6.3.3.1 Sharks
6.3.3.2 Batoids
6.4.1 Arrangement and Terminology
6.4.2 Evolutionary and Functional Patterns
6.5 The Enigma of Jaw Protrusion
6.6 Future Directions
References

7.1 Introduction
7.2.1.1 Annular/Circular Respirometers
7.2.1.2 Swim Tunnel Respirometers
7.2.2.1 Muscle Temperature Telemetry
7.2.2.2 Heart Rate Telemetry
7.2.2.3 Swimming Speed Telemetry
7.3.1 Standard Metabolic Rate
7.3.2 Maximum Metabolic Rate
7.4.1 Swimming Efficiency
7.4.3 Cost of Transport
7.5.1 Background
7.5.2 Indirect Calorimetry: Endotherms vs. Ectotherms
7.6.1 Temperature
7.6.3 Dissolved Oxygen
7.7 Conclusions and Future Directions
References

8.1 Introduction
8.2.1 Quantification of Diet
8.2.2 Broad Dietary Groups
8.2.3 Diet Shifts
8.2.4 Feeding Relationships
8.2.5 Feeding Patterns
8.3.1 Daily Ration
8.3.2 Gastric Evacuation
8.4.2 Egestion
8.5 Production
References

9.1 Introduction
9.2.1 Rectal Gland
9.2.2 Kidney
9.2.3 Gill
9.3.1 Rectal Gland
9.3.2 Kidney
9.3.3 Gills
9.4.2 Kidney
9.4.3 Gill
References

10.1 Introduction
10.2.1 Oviparous Forms
10.2.2.3 Oophagy
10.2.2.5 Placental Viviparity
10.3 Male Reproductive System
10.4.1 Anatomy
10.4.3 Sperm Storage
10.6 Mating and Reproductive Behaviors
10.7 Conclusion
References

11.2.2 Digestive Hormones
11.2.4 Interactions between Feeding and Ion Homeostasis
11.2.5 Hormones Involved in Energy Metabolism
11.4.1 Chromaffin Tissue and Catecholamines
11.4.2 Hypothalamo—Pituitary—Interrenal Axis
11.5.2 Interrenal Corticosteroids
11.5.5 C-Type Natriuretic Peptide
11.6.2 Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
11.7.2 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
11.7.4 Gonadal Steroid Hormones in the Female
11.7.6 Gonadal Steroids in the Male
11.7.8 Other Hormones Involved in Reproduction: Thyroid Hormones
11.7.9 Other Hormones Involved in Reproduction: Calcitonin
References

12.2 Vision
12.2.1 Ocular Anatomy and Optics
12.2.2 Retina and CNS
12.2.3 Visual Performance
12.3.1.2 Macula Neglecta
12.3.2.1 Audiograms
12.4 Mechanosenses
12.4.1 Peripheral Organization
12.4.2 Adequate Stimulus and Processing
12.4.3 Behavior
12.5 Electrosenses
12.5.1.1 Ampullae of Lorenzini
12.5.2.1 Peripheral Physiology
12.5.2.2 Central Physiology
12.5.3.1 Prey and Predator Detection
12.5.3.2 Orientation and Navigation
12.5.3.3 Conspecific Detection
12.6.1.1 Peripheral Organ and Epithelium
12.6.1.2 Olfactory Bulb
12.6.1.3 Higher Level Systems
12.6.2.1 Studies of Sharks in Large Enclosures and Open Water
12.6.2.2 Laboratory Studies
12.6.5 Gustation
12.7 Conclusions
References

13.1 Introduction
13.2.1 Lymphocytes
13.2.2 Granulocytes
13.2.3 Monocytes and Macrophages
13.3 Lymphomyeloid Tissues
13.3.2 Spleen
13.3.3 Epigonal and Leydig Organs
13.4.1 Nitric Oxide
13.4.3 Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis
13.4.4 Nonspecific Cytotoxic Cells
13.5.2 Cell-Mediated Immunity
13.5.3 Immune System Genes
13.6 Ontogeny of the Elasmobranch Immune System
13.6.1 Organogenesis of Lymphomyeloid Tissues
13.6.2 Embryonic Expression of Immune Regulatory Genes
13.7.2 Experimental Induction of Apoptosis
13.7.4 Transplantation Studies
13.7.5 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Elasmobranch Immune System
13.8 Future Directions
References

Part III: Ecology and Life History
14.1 Introduction
14.2.1.1 Vertebrae
14.2.1.3 Neural Arches
14.2.2.1 Taking Samples
14.2.2.2 Centrum Cleaning and Sample Preparation
14.3 Age Determination
14.3.1 Centrum Staining
14.3.3 Back-Calculation
14.4 Verification and Validation
14.4.2 Tag−Recapture
14.4.3 Marking, Field Tag−Recapture, and Laboratory Studies
14.4.4 Centrum Edge and Relative Marginal Increment Analysis
14.4.5 Captive Rearing
14.5 Review and Status of Chondrichthyan Age, Growth, Verification, and Validation Studies
14.6 Growth Models
14.8.1 Age of Maturity Estimates
14.9 Implication of Growth, Longevity, and Demography to Fisheries Management
References

15.1 Introduction
15.2.1 Comparative Life History Patterns
15.2.2 Life History Relationships
15.3.1 Methodological Background
15.3.1.2 Population Sampling Design
15.3.2 Biomass Dynamic Models
15.3.3.1.1 Age-Structured Models
15.3.3.1.3 Yield-per-Recruit Models
15.3.4 Models Incorporating Uncertainty and Stochasticity
References

16.1.1 Genome Sizes
16.1.3 Sex-Determination
16.2.1.1 Isozymes and Allozymes
16.2.1.3 Nuclear DNA
16.2.2 Measuring Stock Structure with Molecules
16.2.3 Forensic Identification and Cryptic Species
16.3.1 Philopatry and Sex-Biased Dispersal
16.3.2 Parentage and Multiple Paternity
References

17.2.2 Avoiding Predators
17.2.2.1 Habitat Use
17.2.2.4 Group Formation
17.2.2.6 Deterrence and Defense
17.3 Elasmobranchs as Predators
17.3.1 Diets of Elasmobranchs and Optimal Diet Theory
17.3.2.1 Habitat Use
17.3.2.3 Activity Levels and Patterns
17.3.3.1 Stalking and Ambush
17.3.3.3 Prey Debilitation
17.3.3.7 Scavenging
17.3.4 Competition
17.3.5.1 Foraging—Safety Trade-Offs
17.3.5.3 Intraguild Predation
17.4 Regulation of Elasmobranch Populations
17.5 Role of Elasmobranchs in Marine Ecosystems
17.5.1 Density-Mediated Effects
17.5.2 Behavior-Mediated Effects
17.5.3 Community Consequences of Elasmobranch Predation
References

18.1 Introduction
18.2.1 Skin
18.2.2.1 Eyes
18.2.2.3 Acousticolateralis System
18.2.3.2 Gills and Branchial Chamber
18.2.4.1 Buccal Cavity and Esophagus
18.2.4.2 Stomach
18.2.4.3 Spiral Intestine
18.2.4.4 Rectum
18.2.5.1 Heart and Vasculature
18.2.6.3 Uterus
18.2.8.2 Peritoneal Cavity
18.3 General Observations
References

19.1 Introduction
19.2.2 Habitat Preference
19.3.3 Acoustic Tracking
19.3.4 Acoustic Monitoring
19.3.5 Satellite Telemetry
19.3.6 Archival Tags
19.4 The Importance of Scale in Habitat Use Studies
19.4.1.1 Diel Effects
19.4.1.2 Longer-Term Effects
19.4.2 Spatial Factors
19.5.2 Biotic Factors
References

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