(Ebook) Biobased surfactants synthesis properties and applications 2nd Edition by Richard D Ashby, Douglas G Hayes, Daniel K Y Solaiman ISBN 0128127058 9780128127056

(Ebook) Biobased surfactants synthesis properties and applications 2nd Edition by Richard D Ashby, Douglas G Hayes, Daniel K Y Solaiman ISBN 0128127058 9780128127056

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ISBN 10: 0128127058 
ISBN 13: 9780128127056
Author: Richard D Ashby, Douglas G Hayes, Daniel K Y Solaiman

Biobased Surfactants: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications, Second Edition, covers biosurfactant synthesis and applications and demonstrates how to reduce manufacturing and purification costs, impurities, and by-products. Fully updated, this book covers surfactants in biomedical applications, detergents, personal care, food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and nanotechnology. It reflects on the latest developments in biobased surfactant science and provides case scenarios to guide readers in efficient and effective biobased surfactant application, along with strategies for research into new applications.

This book is written from a biorefinery-based perspective by an international team of experts and acts as a key text for researchers and practitioners involved in the synthesis, utilization, and development of biobased surfactants.

Describes new and emerging biobased surfactants and their synthesis and development
Showcases an interdisciplinary approach to the topic, featuring applications to chemistry, biotechnology, biomedicine, and other areas
Presents the entire lifecycle of biobased surfactants in deta

(Ebook) Biobased surfactants synthesis properties and applications 2nd Table of contents:

Section I: Introduction, Importance, and Relevance of Biobased Surfactants
Chapter 1: Biobased Surfactants: Overview and Industrial State of the Art
1.1 What Are Biobased Surfactants?
1.2 Comparison of Sustainability for Biobased Versus Fossil Fuel-Derived Feedstocks
1.2.1 Overview of Sustainability
1.2.2 Ecolabels
1.2.3 Green Manufacturing of Biobased Surfactants
1.3 Comparison of Current and Future Price and Availability for Biobased Versus Fossil Fuel-Derived
1.4 Feedstocks for Biobased Surfactants
1.4.1 Integration Within an Oleochemical Biorefinery
1.4.2 Fatty Acid-Based Sources From Seed Oils
1.4.3 Fatty Acid-Based Sources From Algae
1.5 Biobased Surfactants
1.5.1 Anionic Surfactants
1.5.2 Cationic Surfactants
1.5.3 Amphoteric Surfactants
1.5.4 Amino Acid Surfactants
1.5.5 Nonionic Surfactants
1.6 Future Prospects for Biobased Surfactants
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
Section II: Biosurfactants: Biosynthesis and Applications
Chapter 2: Diversity and Classification of Microbial Surfactants
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Structural Diversity
2.1.2 Classification
2.2 High-Molecular Weight Polymeric Biosurfactants and Bioemulsifiers
2.2.1 Microbial Polysaccharide Surfactants
2.2.2 Microbial Protein Surfactants
2.3 Low-Molecular Weight Biosurfactants
2.3.1 Fatty Acids and Phospholipids
2.3.2 Glycolipids
2.3.2.1 Rhamnolipids
2.3.2.2 Sophorolipids
2.3.2.3 Trehalose Lipids
2.3.2.4 Mannosylerythritol Lipids
2.3.2.5 Glucose Lipids
2.3.2.6 Cellobiose Lipids
2.3.3 Polyketideglycosides
2.3.4 Isoprenoids and Carotenoids
2.3.5 Lipopeptides
2.3.5.1 Lipopeptides from Bacillus sp.
Surfactin
Fengycin and Iturin Families
2.3.5.2 Non- Bacillus Lipopeptides
Polymyxines
Novel Lipopeptides
Viscosin
Serrawettin
2.3.6 Spiculisporic Acid
2.4 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Production and Applications of Sophorolipids☆
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Standardization
3.3 Sophorolipid-Producing Strains
3.3.1 Native SL Producing Strains
3.3.1.1 Candida riodocensis, Candida stellata, and Candida kuoi
3.3.1.2 Starmerella bombicola
3.3.1.3 Candida apicola
3.3.1.4 Candida batistae
3.3.1.5 Candida floricola
3.3.1.6 Candida rugosa and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
3.3.1.7 Pseudohyphozyma bogoriensis
3.3.1.8 Cryptococcus VITGBN2
3.3.1.9 Cyberlindnera samutprakarnensis
3.3.1.10 Lachancea thermotolerans
3.3.1.11 Rhodotorula babjevae
3.3.1.12 Wickerhamiella domercqiae
3.3.1.13 Candida tropicalis
3.3.1.14 Wickerhamiella anomalus
3.3.1.15 Candida albicans
3.3.2 Modified SL Producing Strains
3.4 Production of Sophorolipids
3.4.1 First Generation Substrates
3.4.1.1 (Fed-)Batch Fermentation
3.4.1.2 Semi-continuous Fermentation
3.4.1.3 Continuous and Integrated Fermentations (In Situ Product Removal)
3.4.1.4 Solid-State Fermentation
3.4.2 Second Generation Substrates
3.5 Applications
3.5.1 Biosurfactants
3.5.2 Bioactive Agents (Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, and Anticancer)
3.5.2.1 Antibacterial Activity of SLs
3.5.2.2 Antiviral Activity of SLs
3.5.2.3 Antifungal Activity of SLs
3.5.2.4 Anti-cancer Activity for SLs
3.5.3 Nonfood and Food Uses
3.5.3.1 SLs in Lubrication Applications
3.5.3.2 SLs as Food Emollients and Sensory-Taste Modifiers
3.6 Conclusions
References
Further Reading
Chapter 4: Mannosylerythritol Lipids: Biosynthesis, Genetics, and Production Strategies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structural Variety of MEL
4.3 Producing Microorganisms
4.4 Metabolic Pathways and Biosynthesis of MEL
4.4.1 Supply of Hydrophilic Precursor Molecules
4.4.2 Fatty Acid Metabolism and Chain-Shortening Pathway
4.4.3 MEL Synthesis
4.4.4 Regulation
4.5 Genetic Tailoring of Producer Strains
4.5.1 Transformation Strategies for Ustilaginomycetes
4.5.2 Genetic Engineering Strategies for MEL Production
4.6 Analytics
4.6.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of MEL
4.6.2 Structure Determination
4.7 MEL Production Processes
4.7.1 Production in Shaking Flasks
4.7.2 Production in Stirred Bioreactor Systems
4.7.3 Use of 2nd Generation Substrates From Industrial Waste- or Side-Streams
4.8 Downstream Processing
4.8.1 Recovery and Purification of MEL From Culture Broth
4.8.2 Enzymatic Postmodification
4.9 Properties and Potential Applications
4.9.1 Critical Micelle Concentrations and HLB Values
4.9.2 Phase-Behavior and Self-Assembly
4.9.3 Application Possibilities
References
Chapter 5: Rhamnolipids: Pathways, Productivities, and Potential
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Rhamnolipids Structures and Properties
5.2 Biosynthesis of Rhamnolipids by P. aeruginosa
5.2.1 Biosynthesis of Precursors
5.2.1.1 Biosynthesis of dTDP- l -Rhamnose
5.2.1.2 Biosynthesis of β -Hydroxydecanoyl- β -Hydroxydecanoic Acid
5.2.2 Biosynthesis of Rhamnolipids
5.2.3 Regulation of Rhamnolipids Biosynthesis
5.2.3.1 Cell-Cell Communication Systems of P. aeruginosa
5.2.3.2 Regulatory Network of P. aeruginosa QS Systems
5.2.3.3 Regulation of Rhamnolipids Biosynthesis by P. aeruginosa QS Systems and Other Global Regulat
5.2.3.4 Regulation of Rhamnolipids Biosynthesis by Physiological Conditions of P. aeruginosa
5.3 Rhamnolipids Production
5.3.1 Challenges in Rhamnolipids Production
5.3.1.1 Substrate Cost
5.3.1.2 Low Productivity and Yield
5.3.1.3 Excessive Foaming
5.3.1.4 Expensive Downstream Processing
5.3.2 Aerobic Fermentations
5.3.3 Denitrifying Fermentations
5.3.4 Rhamnolipids Production Using Heterologous Hosts
5.4 Rhamnolipids Applications
5.4.1 Soil and Water Remediation of Heavy Metals and Pollutants
5.4.2 Antimicrobial and Biofilm Dispersing Activities of Rhamnolipids
5.4.3 Agricultural Biopesticide
5.5 Summary
References
Chapter 6: Lipopeptide Biosurfactants From Bacillus Species
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types and Classification of Lipopeptides
6.2.1 Excursion to Non-Bacillus Lipopeptides
6.2.2 Bacillus Lipopeptides—Discovery and Structural Diversity
6.2.2.1 The Surfactin Family—Surfactin, Pumilacidin, and Lichenysin
6.2.2.2 The Iturin Family—Iturin, Bacillomycin, and Mycosubtilin
6.2.2.3 The Fengycin Family—Fengycin and Plipastatin
6.2.2.4 The Kurstakin and Locillomycin Families
6.3 Lipopeptide Biosynthesis
6.3.1 Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases
6.3.2 Surfactin Synthesis
6.3.3 Fengycin Synthesis
6.3.4 Iturin Synthesis
6.4 Regulation of Lipopeptide Biosynthesis
6.5 Lipopeptide Physicochemical Properties and Concomitant Commercial Aspects
6.5.1 Physicochemical Properties
6.5.2 Agricultural Applications
6.5.3 Detergents
6.5.4 Nanoemulsions and Emulsions
6.5.5 Food Industry
6.5.6 Personal Care and Therapeutic Applications
6.6 Biotechnological Production of Surfactin
6.6.1 Optimization of Media Composition and Process Parameter
6.6.2 Carbon, Nitrogen and Trace Elements
6.6.3 Alternative Substrates for Lipopeptide Production
6.6.4 Influence of Process Parameter
6.6.5 Alternative Medium Optimization Approaches
6.6.6 Strain Engineering
6.6.7 Cultivation Strategies for Lipopeptide Production
6.6.7.1 Batch, Fed-Batch, and Continuous Strategies
6.6.7.2 Alternative and Novel Process Set-Ups
Solid Carrier Assisted Submerged Cultivation
Rotating Disc Bioreactor
Bubbleless Membrane Bioreactor
Anaerobic Cultivation
6.6.8 Downstream Processing of Lipopeptides
6.7 Challenges, Needs, and Future Trends in Lipopeptide Production
6.8 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Section III: Biobased Surfactants
Chapter 7: Phospholipid-Based Surfactants
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biosynthesis, Biological Functions and Physicochemical Properties of PL s
7.2.1 De Novo Biosynthesis of PLs
7.2.2 Biological Functions of PLs
7.2.3 Physicochemical Properties of PLs
7.3 Production, Analysis, and Characterization of PL s
7.3.1 PLs Production
7.3.2 PLs Analysis
7.3.2.1 TLC Based Methods
7.3.2.2 HPLC
7.3.2.3 GC
7.3.2.4 31 P NMR
7.3.2.5 FTIR
7.3.3 Characterization of Physical Properties of PLs
7.3.3.1 FTIR
7.3.3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
7.4 Chemo- and Enzymatic Modifications of PL s
7.4.1 Chemical Modification of PLs
7.4.1.1 Acid- or Base-Catalyzed Hydrolysis
7.4.1.2 Acetylation
7.4.1.3 Hydrogenation
7.4.1.4 Hydroxylation
7.4.2 Enzymatic Modification of PLs
7.4.2.1 Lipases
7.4.2.2 Phospholipase A1 (PLA1)
7.4.2.3 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
7.4.2.4 Phospholipase B (PLB)
7.4.2.5 Phospholipase C (PLC)
7.4.2.6 Phospholipase D (PLD)
7.5 Synthesis of Lyso- PL s and Structured PL s
7.5.1 Synthesis of Lyso-PLs
7.5.1.1 Hydrolysis
7.5.1.2 Alcoholysis
7.5.1.3 Esterification
7.5.2 Synthesis of Structured PLs
7.5.2.1 Structured PLs Containing Specific Fatty Acids
7.5.2.2 Enzymatic Transphosphatidylation for Modifying Polar Head Groups in PLs
7.5.2.3 Enzymatic Modification of PLs in Reactors
7.6 Design and Synthesis of Functional PL s
7.6.1 Modifications of Acyl Units of PLs With Functional Components
7.6.2 Alterations of Polar Head Groups With Functional Units
7.7 Applications of PL s as Surfactants
7.8 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
Chapter 8: Fatty Acid, Methyl Ester, and Vegetable Oil Ethoxylates
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Raw Materials
8.3 Fatty Acid Ethoxylates
8.3.1 Properties
8.3.2 Uses
8.4 Methyl Ester Ethoxylates
8.4.1 Properties
8.4.2 Applications of MEE
8.5 Vegetable Oil Ethoxylates
8.6 Conclusions
References
Further Reading
Chapter 9: Methyl Ester Sulfonate
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Methyl Ester Sulfonate
9.2.1 Surfactant Properties
9.2.1.1 Basic Surfactant Properties (CMC, Krafft Point and Solubility)
9.2.1.2 Water Hardness Tolerance
9.2.2 Solid State Properties
9.2.3 Biodegradability
9.3 Production of Methyl Ester Sulfonate
9.4 Application
9.4.1 Powder Laundry Detergent
9.4.1.1 Detergency
9.4.1.2 Solubilization
9.4.1.3 Enzyme Stability
9.4.1.4 Formulations
9.4.2 Liquid Laundry Detergent
9.4.2.1 Detergency at Neutral pH
9.5 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Chapter 10: Sugar Esters
10.1 Sugar Esters: Properties and Applications
10.1.1 Introduction
10.1.2 Properties
10.1.3 Applications
10.2 Challenges for the Preparation of SEs
10.3 Chemical Synthesis of SEs
10.3.1 Manufacturing Processes That Involve Solvent
10.3.2 Solvent-Free Processes
10.3.3 Advanced Chemosynthesis of SEs
10.4 Enzymatic Synthesis of SEs
10.4.1 Enzymatic Synthesis of SEs in Organic Solvents
10.4.2 Enzymatic Synthesis of SEs in Supercritical CO 2
10.4.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of SEs in ILs
10.4.4 Enzymatic Synthesis of SEs in Deep Eutectic Solvent Systems
10.4.5 Enzymatic Synthesis of SEs in Solvent-Free System
10.4.6 Effects of Water Activity and Content on Enzymatic Synthesis of SEs
10.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
Chapter 11: Synthesis of Alkyl Polyglycosides From Glucose and Xylose for Biobased Surfactants:
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Alkyl polyglycosides Based on d-Glucose and/or d-Xylose
11.2.1 Fischer Glycosylation
11.2.2 Industrial Manufacture of Alkyl Polyglycosides
11.2.3 Latest Developments in the Synthesis of Alkyl Polyglycosides
11.2.3.1 Glycosylation Progress
11.2.3.2 Transglycosylation of Polysaccharides in Fatty Alcohols
11.3 Alkyl Polyglyosides: Properties, Applications, Toxicity and Environmental Profile
11.3.1 Physicochemical Properties and Their Relevance to Applications
11.3.2 Toxicity and Environmental Data
11.3.2.1 Biodegradation
11.3.2.2 Toxicity and Irritability
11.3.2.3 Ecological Profile
11.4 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Chapter 12: Measuring the Interfacial Behavior of Sugar-Based Surfactants to Link Molecular Structur
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Motivation
12.1.2 Nonionic Surfactants
12.1.3 Environmental and Product Performance Concerns
12.1.4 Significance of Bio-Based Surfactants
12.1.5 Interfacial Properties of Sugar-Based Surfactants
12.2 Techniques
12.2.1 Measurements and Analysis of Surface Interactions and Forces
12.2.2 Thin Film Pressure Balance
12.2.3 Surface Light Scattering
12.3 Fundamental Studies on Interfacial Properties of Sugar-Based Surfactants
12.3.1 Air/Water Interfaces
12.3.2 Solid/Liquid Interfaces
12.3.3 Comparison Between EO- and Sugar-Based Surfactants: Structural Aspects, Interfacial Aspects,
12.3.4 Viscoelasticity Properties of Isomeric Sugar-Based Surfactants
12.4 Molecular Prospects
12.5 Structure-Property Relationships
12.6 Applications Related to the Development of Bio-Based Systems
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13: Arginine-Based Surfactants: Synthesis, Aggregation Properties, and Applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Synthesis
13.2.1 Monocatenary Arginine Surfactants
13.2.2 Gemini Arginine Surfactants or bis(Args)
13.2.3 Glycerolipid Arginine Surfactants
13.2.4 Double Chain Arginine Surfactants
13.3 Physicochemical Properties
13.3.1 Monocatenaries From Arginine
13.3.2 Gemini Surfactants, Bis(Args)
13.3.3 Arginine Mono and Diacylglyceride Conjugates
13.3.4 Double-Chain Arginine Surfactants
13.4 Applications
13.4.1 Antimicrobial Properties
13.4.1.1 Monocatenary Arginine Surfactants
13.4.1.2 Single Chain Surfactants With Arginine and Lysine in the Polar Head
13.4.1.3 Double-Chain Surfactants From Arginine
13.4.1.4 Gemini Surfactants
13.4.1.5 Mono- and Diglycerides From Arginine
13.4.2 Sequestration of Lipopolysaccharide
13.4.3 Control of DNA Compaction
13.4.4 Drug Delivery Systems
13.4.5 DNA Gel Particles
13.5 Conclusions
References
Further Reading
Chapter 14: Betaine Amphoteric Surfactants—Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Alkyl Betaines and Alkyl Amido Betaines
14.2.1 Synthesis of Alkyl Betaines and Alkyl Amido Betaines
14.2.2 Properties of Alkyl Betaines and Alkyl Amido Betaines
14.2.3 Applications of Alkyl Betaines and Alkyl Amido Betaines
14.2.3.1 Personal Care
14.2.3.2 Home Care
14.2.3.3 Industrial Uses
14.3 Other Betaines
14.3.1 GB and GB Esters and Amides
14.3.1.1 Synthesis of GB and GB Esters and Amides
14.3.1.2 Properties of GB and GB Esters and Amides
14.3.1.3 Applications of GB and GB Esters and Amides
14.3.2 Ester Betaines
14.3.2.1 Synthesis of Ester Betaines
14.3.2.2 Properties of Ester Betaines
14.3.2.3 Applications of Ester Betaines
14.4 Related Amphoteric Surfactants—Amphoacetates, Amphopropionates, and Hydroxysultaines
14.4.1 Amphoacetates and Amphopropionates
14.4.1.1 Synthesis of Amphoacetates and Amphopropionates
14.4.1.2 Properties of Amphoacetates and Amphopropionates
14.4.1.3 Applications of Amphoacetates and Amphopropionates
14.4.2 Alkyl Hydroxysultaines
14.4.2.1 Synthesis of Alkyl Hydroxysultaines
14.4.2.2 Properties of Alkyl Hydroxysultaines
14.4.2.3 Applications of Alkyl Hydroxysultaines
14.5 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Chapter 15: How to Formulate Biobased Surfactants Through the HLD-NAC Model
15.1 The Formulation Workflow
15.1.1 Definition of Formulation Objectives
15.1.2 Define “Needs” and “Wants” Properties
15.1.2.1 Washing and Detergency
15.1.2.2 Hard Surface Cleaners
15.1.2.3 Other Surfactant-Air Related Properties
15.1.2.4 Surfactant-Solid Properties
15.1.3 The Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Difference (HLD) and Formulation Properties
15.1.3.1 Prediction of Formulation Properties With the Net-Average Curvature (NAC)
15.2 Case Studies on the Use of the HLD-NAC Formulation Workflow
15.2.1 Case Study: Self-Microemulsifying Delivery Systems (SMEDS)
15.2.1.1 Formulation Objectives, Restrictions, and Conditions
15.2.1.2 Formulation Properties and HLD
15.2.1.3 Calculate Target Characteristic Curvature (Cc) for the Mixture
15.2.2 Case Study: Formulation of a Nontoxic Oil Dispersant
15.2.2.1 Formulation Objectives, Restrictions, and Conditions
15.2.2.2 Formulation Properties and HLD
15.2.2.3 Calculate Target Characteristic Curvature (Cc) for the Mixture
15.2.3 Case Study: Reformulation of a Latex Emulsion With Biobased Surfactants
15.2.3.1 Formulation Objectives, Restrictions, and Conditions
15.2.3.2 Formulation Properties and HLD
15.2.3.3 Calculate Target Characteristic Curvature (Cc) for the Mixture
15.3 Summary and Outlook

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Tags: Richard D Ashby, Douglas G Hayes, Daniel K Y Solaiman, surfactants, synthesis