(Ebook) Bacon to Kant An Introduction to Modern Philosophy 3rd edition by Garrett Thomson 1577667530 9781577667537

Chapter 1 - Descartes: The Method of Doubt and the Cogito
Comments on the Three Stages
What Is Descartes’ Method of Doubt?
Some Criticisms of Descartes’ Skepticism
The Cogito as the End of Doubt
The Interpretation of the Cogito
A Famous Criticism of the Cogito
Conclusion
Chapter 2 - Descartes: God
The Classification of Ideas
The Idea of God
The First Proof of the Existence of God
The Second Argument for the Existence of God
The Cartesian Circle
False Beliefs
Summary
Chapter 3 - Descartes: Mind and Body
Thinking Substance
The Existence of Material Things
The Nature of Matter
Rationalism and Science
Primary and Secondary Qualities
The Real Distinction
The Nature of Descartes’ Dualism
Some Criticisms of Dualism
The Causal Analysis of Mind
Materialism
Biography: Spinoza (1632-1677)
Chapter 4 - Spinoza: God and Substance
A Preliminary Overview
Spinoza’s Proofs
A General Review
Finite Modes
Conclusion
Chapter 5 - Spinoza: The Nature of the Mind
God’s Causality and Science
The Infinite and Eternal Modes
The Attributes
Extension and Thought
The Mind And The Body
The Mind as the Idea of the Body
All Things Have Souls
Materialism
No Ownership of Ideas
The Reality of Finite Minds
Chapter 6 - Spinoza: Theory of Knowledge
Kinds of Knowledge
Truth and Falsity
Determinism and Free Will
Biography: Leibniz (1646-1716)
Chapter 7 - Leibniz: Truth and Reason
Truth
Finite and Infinite Analysis
Primitive Concepts
Substances and Complete Concepts
The Principle of Sufficient Reason
Contingent Truths and Existence
Contingency and God’s Free Choice
Contingency and Sufficient Reason
The Principle of the Best
Chapter 8 - Leibniz: Monads
Relations
Substance
The Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles
Monads
Monads and Causality
Monads and Mirrors
Points of View
Pre-Established Harmony
Chapter 9 - Leibniz: God and Space
The Ontological Argument
The Cosmological Argument
The Argument from Pre-Established Harmony
Existence
Extension
Matter
Space and Time
Part One: Conclusion
Rationalism
Consequences of the Principle
Some Differences among Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz
Part Two
- The Empiricists
Biography: Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Chapter 10 - Bacon: The Philosophy of Science
The Criticism of False Learning
The Idols of the Mind
The Classification of Knowledge
The New Method of Induction
Some Criticisms
The Theory of Forms
Biography: Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
Chapter 11 - Hobbes: Science and Nature
The Nature of Science
Cause and Explanation
Philosophy of Nature
Space and Time
Sensation
God
Chapter 12 - Hobbes: From Psychology to Politics
Motivation
Psychological Egoism
War and Conflict
Natural Rights and Law
The Covenant
Biography: John Locke (1632-1704)
Chapter 13 - Locke: Ideas and Qualities
The Role of Ideas
Innate Ideas
The Origin of Ideas
Simple and Complex Ideas
Primary and Secondary Qualities
Arguments for the Distinction
Some Famous Criticisms of the Resemblance Thesis
Locke’s Theory of Perception
Representations and Skepticism
Representations and Qualities
Summary
Chapter 14 - Locke: The Formation of Complex Ideas
Modes
Substance in General
Substance and Empiricism
A Problem with the Notion of Pure Substratum
Relations: Causality
Identity and Diversity
Personal Identity
Locke’s Rejection of Other Theories
Some Well-Known Criticisms of Locke
Conclusion
Chapter 15 - Locke: Language and Knowledge
Locke’s Theory of Language
Some Popular Criticisms
General Words: A Problem
Another Problem: Classification
Real and Nominal Essence
Definition
Natural Kinds
Real Essence and Substance in General
Knowledge: Some Preliminaries
Locke and Descartes
The Agreement between Our Ideas
Degrees of Knowledge
The Extent of Knowledge
Chapter 16 - Locke: Morality and Politics
Moral Knowledge
Three Characterizations of Morality
The Unity of the Three
Aims of the Two Treatises on Government
Against the Divine Right of Kings
Consent
Trust
Property Rights
The Historical Background
Biography: George Berkeley (1685-1753)
Chapter 17 - Berkeley: The Denial of Matter
Abstract Ideas
Ideas of Sense
The Argument from Illusion
How Berkeley Uses This Argument
Another Argument
A Criticism of the Argument from Illusion
An Alternative View of Perception: Direct Realism
Primary and Secondary Qualities
Sensible Objects
External Objects
Material Substance
Conclusion
Chapter 18 - Berkeley: God and Minds
Answers to Some Objections
Common Sense
Unperceived Objects
A Causal Argument for God
Another Argument for God: Continuity
A Nonstandard Interpretation
The Spirit or Mind
Other Minds
Conclusion
Biography: David Hume (1711-1776)
Chapter 19 - Hume: Ideas and Impressions
Ideas and Impressions
Simple and Complex Perceptions
Association
Belief
Some Problems
Chapter 20 - Hume: Causation
Relations of Ideas and Matters of Fact
The Causal Relation
Universal Causal Axiom
The Idea of Cause
A Brief Overview
Particular Causal Inferences: Inductive Skepticism
The Need for Uniformity
The Five Strands
The Naturalistic Explanation
The Two Definitions of Cause
An Alternative Interpretation of Hume
Some Kantian Challenges
Chapter 21 - Hume: Material Bodies and Identity
The Senses and Reason
Imagination
Constancy and Coherence
Identity
Constancy
Mental Substance
Personal Identity
Some Problems
Chapter 22 - Hume: Morality and Passion
The Passions
Against Moral Rationalism
Virtue and Justice
Moral Evaluation
Part Two - Conclusion
Empiricism
Some Comparisons
Development
Part Three
- Enlightenment Thinkers: Rousseau and Kant
Biography: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
Chapter 23 - Rousseau: The Social Contract
The Original State of Nature
The Corruption of Society
Social Contract
Government
Romanticism
Biography: Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Chapter 24 - Kant: The Transcendental Aesthetic
Kant’s Aims
Transcendental Idealism
The Transcendental Aesthetic
The Metaphysical Exposition of Space
The Argument from Geometry
Non-Euclidean Geometry
Time
Arithmetic
Conclusion
Chapter 25 - Kant: The Analytic of Concepts
Concepts
The Metaphysical Deduction
The Transcendental Deduction
The Transcendental Unity of Apperception
Objectivity and Experience
Noumenal Psychology
Conclusion
Chapter 26 - Kant: The Analytic of Principles
The Schematism
The First Analogy
Strawson’s Alternative Interpretation
Another Argument
Substance
Causation
The Main Argument of the Second Analogy
Strawson’s Objection
The Second Analogy
The Third Analogy
Refutation of Idealism
Transcendental Idealism
Phenomena and Noumena
Chapter 27 - Kant: The Transcendental Dialectic
Paralogisms
The First Paralogism: Substance
The Second and Third Paralogisms
The Antinomies
The First Antinomy: Time
The First Antinomy: Space
The Second Antinomy: Simples
The Third Antinomy: Freedom
The Fourth Antinomy: God
Conclusion
Chapter 28 - Kant: Morality
Kant’s Aims and Strategy
The First Chapter
Versions of the Categorical Imperative
The Argument of the Deduction
The Metaphysics of Freedom
Some Problems
Virtue Theory
Political Theory
Suggested Reading
Notes
Glossary
Index