(Ebook) APA Style Simplified Writing in Psychology Education Nursing and Sociology 1st Edition by Bernard C Beins ISBN 9780470671238 0470671238

(Ebook) APA Style Simplified Writing in Psychology Education Nursing and Sociology 1st Edition by Bernard C Beins ISBN 9780470671238 0470671238

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ISBN 10: 0470671238
ISBN 13: 9780470671238
Author: Bernard C Beins

(Ebook) APA Style Simplified Writing in Psychology Education Nursing and Sociology 1st Edition Table of contents:

1 Writing Professionally

How Does Professional Writing Differ From Other Kinds of Writing?

Using APA Style

Table 1.1 Typical Sections in an APA-Style Research Report

Making a Credible Argument

Different Types of Communication

Written Communication

Oral Communication

Poster Presentations

Internet Publishing

Effective Communication

Establishing Good Writing Habits

Ethical Writing

Figure 1.1 Avoiding plagiarism.

Figure 1.2 How plagiarism has been avoided.

Scholarly Excerpt

Attempted Paraphrase

Paraphrase Rewrite

2 Elements of Style

Recognizing the Importance of Good Grammar and Style

Choosing Effective Wording

Table 2.1 Transitions and Their Uses

Using Inclusive and Appropriate Language

Deciding on the Use of Technical Language

Avoiding Common Problems

Apostrophe Use

Table 2.2 Apostrophe Dos and Don'ts When Indicating Possession

Table 2.3 Frequently Misused Contractions

Pronoun Use

Table 2.4 Pronouns and Agreement in Number

Table 2.5 Pronouns and Antecedent References

Verb Forms

Table 2.6 Active and Passive Verbs

Spelling

Table 2.7 Rules for Forming Plurals

Specific Word Use

Table 2.8 Specific Word Use in APA Style

3 The Introduction Section

Introducing the Topic

Different Approaches to Starting the Introduction

Citing an Actual Event

Creating a Fictional Scenario

Making a Compelling Statement About an Important Issue

Identifying the Scope of Previous Research

Presenting a Statistic

Citing a Quotation

Describing Common Occurrences

How to Begin

Reviewing the Literature

Reasons for Reviewing the Literature

Clarifying Terms in the Research

Introducing Your Research: Generating a Hypothesis

4 The Method Section

Participants and Subjects

Human Participants

Table 4.1 Demographics of Research Participants

Box 4.1 Participant Descriptions From Journal Articles Involving People

Confidentiality of Participants

Nonhuman Subjects

Attrition

Box 4.2 Examples of Descriptions of Subjects in Research Involving Nonhuman Animals

Materials and Apparatus

Box 4.3 Examples of Details of Materials in Published Research Articles

Box 4.4 Examples of Details of Apparatus in Published Research Articles

Procedure

Design

Table 4.2 Common Elements in the Design Subsection

5 Communicating Statistics

Why Do We Use Statistics?

What Point Are You Trying to Make?

Understanding Your Numbers

Table 5.1 Examples of Text With and Without Statistical Information Each version should communicate the same basic information; the numbers should not be necessary for the reader to understand your message.

Table 5.2 Common Research Questions and the Traditional Statistical Tests Associated With Them Each type of test has variations that are appropriate for different circumstances. You can refer to statistics and research methods books for details on appropriate use of these tests.

Helping Readers Understand Your Statistics

Figure 5.1 An illustration of (a) a graph with uninformative gridlines that clutter the figure and bars with a moiré effect that Tufte (1983) asserts will distract the reader, and (b) a graph with a less cluttered, more easily comprehensible format.

Differentiating Results and Interpretations

6 The Results Section

Your Hypothesis

Table 6.1 Examples of Presentations of Descriptive Statistics

Deciding What to Present

Reporting Significant and Nonsignificant Results

Marginally Significant Effects

APA Style and Presentation of Your Results

Table 6.2 Format for Presenting Commonly Used Inferential Statistics

Table 6.3 Some Common Symbols and Abbreviations Used in Measurement

Table 6.4 Some Common Symbols Used in Presenting the Results of Statistical Tests

Creating Tables

Figure 6.1 Illustration of a basic table of data in APA style.

Figure 6.2 Example of a table in which different measurements (means and standard deviations) appear separately. This format is fairly rare in published articles.

Figure 6.3 Example of a table of correlations in APA style.

Table 6.5 Creating a Table with Word®

Table 6.6 The Result: Means (and Standard Deviations) of Ratings of Jokes According to Sex of Joke Victim and Sex of Participant. Marginal Means in Parentheses Reflect Overall Group Means

Creating Figures

Figure 6.4 Graph with labels of common elements of the graph. This is a bar graph, but the same general principles hold for any graph, such as line graphs, showing comparisons across groups. Line graphs are appropriate when the variable on the X-axis is quantitative. In your manuscript, the figure caption appears below the figure. The figure caption should include any explanatory information needed to understand the graph. In preparing a manuscript, you would place the caption and the figure on their own separate page, one caption and figure to a page.

Figure 6.5 A line graph showing the extent of mirth expressions like laughing and smiling as a function of mood of research participants. Note that the Y-axis starts with the value of zero.

Figure 6.6 Line graph in APA style. Normally, the Y-axis begins with zero. When it does not, the results may be deceptive. In this graph, the data are the same as those in Figure 6.5, but the differences across conditions on the X-axis seem greater because of the change of the scale of the Y-axis. Figures do not generally use notes the way tables do.

Figure 6.7 Scatter diagram in APA style showing the relation between temperature and teen birth rates in the states in the US and example of a figure caption. A scatter diagram is appropriate for showing the pattern of individual cases measured on two different variables. In this example, there is a significant positive correlation, reflecting the fact that as the temperature increases, so does the teen pregnancy rate. Because this relation is correlational, however, you cannot draw any conclusions about cause and effect.

Figure 6.8 Illustration of a frequency histogram in which the categories fall on a continuum. In this case, the categories are ratings that progress from 1 to 7. In such a histogram, the bars should touch one another.

Figure 6.9 Illustration of a frequency histogram with discrete (nonquantitative) categories on the X-axis. When the categories are discrete, the bars should not touch.

The Connection Between the Text and the Tables and Figures

The Difference Between Results and Discussion Sections

Some Final Points About Presenting Results

Table 6.7 Specific Rules and Guidelines Commonly Used for Presenting Numbers and Statistics in APA Style

7 The Discussion Section

Summarizing Your Results

Box 7.1 Examples of Approaches to Starting the Discussion Section

Connecting Different Aspects of Your Results

Dealing With Nonsignificant Results

Comparing Your Results With Those of Others

Box 7.2 Examples of Connections Between Current and Previous Research

Stating the Importance and Implications of Your Results

Acknowledging the Limitations of Your Study

8 References: Citations in the Text and the Reference List

Citing References in the Text

Citing One or Two Authors

Citing Sources With Three to Five Authors

Citing Sources With Six or More Authors

Citing Personal Communications

Citing Multiple Sources Within Parentheses

Order of Citations in the Reference List

Using Your Word-Processing Program to Create the Citation

Using Word® to create a hanging indent

Examples of How Different Types of References Should Be Laid Out

Articles in Periodicals

References Involving Books

References to Newsletters

Internet References

Reference to an Encyclopedia Entry

References to Presentations

9 Final Touches: The Abstract and Formatting Details

The Abstract

Figure 9.1 Format of the Abstract.

Formatting Your Manuscript

Title Page

Figure 9.2 Format of the title page. (In a manuscript submitted to a journal, notes on the title page include (a) departmental affiliation of authors, (b) changes in affiliation since the research was done, (c) acknowledgments of assistance, and (d) contact information for the authors. These may not be required for course-related manuscripts. Each of the four notes is in a separate paragraph.)

Table 9.1 Creating the Page Header and Page Number in Word®

Appendixes

Footnotes and Notes

Order of Manuscript Pages

Section Headings

Table 9.2 Different Levels of Headings in an APA-style Manuscript

Figure 9.3 Headings for manuscripts with two levels of headings.

Figure 9.4 Headings for a manuscript with three levels of headings.

Figure 9.5 Levels of headings for multiexperiment manuscripts and for manuscripts with all five levels of headings.

Miscellaneous Formatting Details

Table 9.3 Capitalization in APA Style

Table 9.4 Italics in APA Style

Table 9.5 Abbreviations in APA Style

Table 9.6 Creating Series in APA Style

Table 9.7 Using Quotations in APA Style

Figure 9.6 Illustration of format of short quotations of 40 words or fewer.

Figure 9.7 Illustration of format of long quotations of 40 words or more. The quotation is indented in its entirety. The first part of the quotation is not indented, but subsequent paragraphs in the quotation are indented.

Table 9.8 Using Common Punctuation Marks

10 Creating Poster Presentations

Differentiating Visual and Written Communication

Reducing the Amount of Information

Visual Style

Figure 10.1 Example of a single-sheet poster for presentation at a conference.

Figure 10.2 Potential layout of a poster using multiple sheets of paper.

Figure 10.3 Potential layout of a poster using multiple sheets of paper and a banner title.

Your Behavior: The Ethic of a Poster Session

Attire

Covering Your Poster

Creating Your Poster Using PowerPoint®

Table 10.1 Initial steps for Creating a Large, Single-Sheet Poster Presentation Using PowerPoint®

Table 10.2 Steps for Creating a PowerPoint® Poster Either on a Single, Large Sheet or on Multiple Sheets

11 Giving Oral Presentations

The Difference Between Oral and Written English

Table 11.1 Guidelines for Presentation Material

Adapting APA Style to Oral Presentations

Preparing for Your Talk

Table 11.2 Creating Your Presentation

Creating Graphics for Your Presentation

Giving the Presentation

Table 11.3 Preparations at the Conference

12 Sharing Your Work Electronically

New Capabilities in Electronic Sharing

Using a Word Processor to Create Manuscripts for the Internet

Table 12.1 Saving a Word® Manuscript in a Format for Internet Publishing

Creating Hyperlinks

Table 12.2 Creating a Hyperlink to an Internet Location Outside Your Own Web Document

Table 12.3 Creating a Hyperlink to a Location Within Your Own Web Document Using Word®

Inserting Images

Advantages of Internet Publishing Software

Table 12.4 Useful Features of Internet Publishing Software That Are Not as Easy or are Impossible with Word Processors

Publishing Your Poster on the Web

Uploading Your Manuscript to the Internet

Revisiting the Concept of Plagiarism

Back Matter

Appendix A Example of APA-Style Manuscript with Common Errors

Appendix B Corrected APA-Style Manuscript

References

Name Index

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