Air pollutants, temperature, and road traffic noise: their impact on chronic kidney disease incidence in older individuals in Taiwan by Ting-Yu Zhuang & Wan-Ju Cheng & Yun-Chieh Yang & Chih-Cheng Hsu & Ta-Yuan Chang instant download

Air pollutants, temperature, and road traffic noise: their impact on chronic kidney disease incidence in older individuals in Taiwan by Ting-Yu Zhuang & Wan-Ju Cheng & Yun-Chieh Yang & Chih-Cheng Hsu & Ta-Yuan Chang instant download

ABSTRACT22 Limited research has examined the relationships of co-exposure to air pollutants, 23 temperature, and road traffic noise with chronic kidney disease (CKD) incidence and24 the interaction between PM2.5 and temperature. To address this gap, the present study 25 explored these associations and interactions in Taiwan. A cohort of 3,041 older 26 individuals (aged ≥55 years) was recruited in 2009 and followed until 2019. Land use 27 regression (LUR) models were applied to estimate annual exposure levels of air 28 pollutants (PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2, and O3), temperature, and 24-h A-weighted 29 equivalent sound pressure levels (LAeq,24). We performed Cox regression models to 30 evaluate the associations between exposure to environmental pollutants and CKD 31 incidence. In single-exposure models, an interquartile-range increase in PM2.5 (7.80 32 μg/m³) and temperature (2.32 °C) was significantly associated with elevated CKD risk33 (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–1.25; HR = 1.10, 34 95%CI: 1.02–1.20), whereas other exposure variables did not present significant 35 relationships. In multiple-exposure models, PM2.5 remained significantly associated36 with CKD incidence (HR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03–1.25). A synergistic association was 37 observed between high PM2.5 (≥34.22 μg/m³) and high temperature (≥25.71 °C) 38 (Rothman’s synergy index: 3.18, 95% CI: 2.20–4.60). Additionally, elevated CKD 3